Article by Gerry Vassilatos — from Borderlands (Vol. LII, Number 2, Second Quarter 1996)

COMPLETING a tour of the major scientific institutes in America, Tesla expected to retire for a season of rest in New York once again. News of his advancements however, flooded every technical trade journal. The name Tesla was everywhere once again. First polyphase and now radiant electricity. He was the “darling” of the press. Tesla captured the public eye once again. People everywhere were thrilled with the projected future visions which Tesla freely provided. He was a model European immigrant, suave and debonair. These are probably the qualities which first attracted Anne Morgan. Irresistible, wealthy, unattached, and warm. Tesla was her obsession.

Despite his great personal charm and magnetic personality, he maintained his serious tone and poise wherever he went. The vision of the future was far more important than the attentions of a young and flirtatious lady. In anticipation of these forthcoming events, Tesla often invited other socially esteemed guests to his laboratory for special demonstrations. In this manner, it was noised abroad that what he claimed was in fact real. Anne often attended these gatherings, breathing silently in the shadows of his large loft laboratory.

There were others who, although not attending these demonstrations, were equally watchful of Tesla’s newest radiant energy developments. Several of these persons, shall we say, were interested in his new discovery and its implications.. .because their fortunes were threatened. Tesla had swept the world once with polyphase. He wiped out Edison’s Direct Current System overnight. J.P. Morgan, Edison’s recent “patron”, had lost a considerable sum during that fiasco. It was certain that Tesla would soon sweep the world again with broadcast electricity. This destabilizing influence would not be tolerated. Anne complicated the affair considerably. She was in love with Tesla. Obsessed in fact. Too obsessed and desperate to let go.

ROYAL SOCIETY LECTURES

In the very midst of all these national attentions, Tesla received an invitation from Lord Kelvin. He was formally requested to address the Royal Society, his latest findings were earnestly desired. The English, usually extremely conservative, were sure that Tesla would change the course of world history.

Tesla, adjourning from his daily researches now prepared himself for the lectures which would start the world-change. He packed nearly every piece of delicate equipment one can imagine. Vacuum tubes, Transformers, strange motors, and equally strange wireless apparatus. All were carefully crated and personally brought to Europe by Tesla himself. His beloved elder and personal mentor, Sir William Crookes, greeted him.

In the opening portions of his Royal Society lectures Tesla first described his preliminary work with high voltage high frequency alternating currents in some length. He explained that these devices embodied the very last investigations and improvements of his Polyphase System. He demonstrated several of the first small high frequency alternators and iron-core induction coils in order to prepare his audience for a final announcement.

In this very last dramatic demonstration Tesla revealed to British Academia the disruptive electric discharge and the properties of electric rays. Tesla made a rare and complete “full disclosure” of the electric ray effect at the very end of his lecture. It was the very last time he would ever do so again in academic circles.

Tesla showed that the new radiant electricity was distinctive, having been openly proclaimed during the London Royal Society lectures. Tesla deliberately compared and contrasted the potent impulse radiance to his previous weak effects produced by alternating currents (February 1892). Fluorescent lamps and other luminous wonders held his audience spellbound. All the while his voice, tenor-like by excitement, rang throughout the silent awestruck hall.

He demonstrated wireless lamps, lit to full brilliance by radiant electricity. He ran small motors at sizable distances for his audiences to see. This last lecture represents the only recorded instance in which Tesla openly announced his discovery of the electro-radiant impulse. He tells the personally revolutionizing aspect of his discovery and how it virtually eradicates his previous work. He went to great detail verbally describing and disclosing the exact means for eliciting the phenomenon.

In his closing time Tesla quickly demonstrates special “electrostatic” motors and lamps made to utilize the radiant effect. Examination of these first lamp and vane-motor devices reveals their primitive and initial state. Tesla modeled the motor after the Crookes radiometer, stating this fact publicly for the benefit of his revered mentor. Tesla finally stated the vast implications of the discovery. He pointed their minds toward the establishment of true power transmission. He prophetically announced the new civilization which would emerge from these first devices and systems. The world would be completely revolutionized by this new principle. Tesla described beam-transmission of electrical energy, and the possibility of harnessing the radiant energies of space itself.

Those who had witnessed Tesla’s entire demonstration were completely enthralled at his results, but misunderstood his new announcement completely. This became apparent to Tesla a short while after he, highly decorated and honored, departed for his Parisian tour. British Science was yet delving into Teslian high frequency alternations. Tesla had already disposed of these discoveries as mere preparatory introductions to impulses.

Tesla showed by way of comparison that disruptive field impulse transcendently exceed all other electro-inductive effects by several orders. He expressed difficulty in discerning whether the effects were electrostatic or electrodynamic in nature, preferring to associate them more with electrostatic effects. We deduce that he had only recently begun developing the electric impulse effect because of his hesitance in identifying the phenomena properly.

Tesla was stringently exact in all his statements. This seems uncharacteristic of his scientific nature. But he did this in true scientific openness. Tesla did not know exactly what was occurring in the electric impulse at that time, desiring only to share the discovery openly and candidly. Academic disapproval of his personal semantics came swiftly in journal after journal.

It is clear that Sir William Crookes completely grasped the significance of Tesla’s entire demonstration and realized the closing formal announcement of the new electric force. Crookes could not contain the thrilling implications. He was also sure that the new force would completely revolutionize the scientific world.

Crookes upheld Tesla thereafter as the true discoverer of an unrecognized electrical force. Tesla continued correspondence with his mentor after his departure from England. He had hoped that his dramatic announcement and demonstration would produce a new regime of electrical engineering, and that others would now reproduce the radiant electric effects as described. His hopes would be strangely dashed to pieces in the coming years when the derisive academic attacks began.

To European academes, the lecture series was astounding. It was a glimpse of the future, so clear that few could find time to argue with Tesla at all. Tesla concluded his tour of England and France, everywhere heralded in typical Victorian heroic style. One night, while in Paris, a telegram informed him that his mother was on point of death. Rushing to her bedside, he managed a few hours of final conversation.

He always referred to her as the one who completely understood his strange abilities. Was she not the woman who had encouraged him when he first remarked about his childhood visions? When siblings and friends derided him, she was his support. Early the next morning, in an adjacent house, he was abruptly awaken by a vision. What he beheld changed his life. A seraphic host surrounded his mother. She was ascending into bright clouds. Several minutes after that, the announcement came. His mother had quietly passed away. He spent a torturous week in his native land for her funeral, and fled back again to New York.

REVERSALS

When English engineers wrote, asking the means for generating his impulse effects, Tesla gave them very strict descriptive parameters. He never failed to openly disclose the secret by which his spectacular effects were obtained. He had learned to freely share what he knew with all. He was surprised to discover that the academic societies who so warmly addressed him in Europe, were gradually losing interest in his discovery. Being utterly incapable of duplicating his specified parameters, most believed the effects to be “dubious”.

The impulse effect had very stringent requirements before its manifestation. Care in constructing impulse generators was the basic requirement. Engineers wanted equations. Tesla gave them descriptions. A few experimenters succeeded in later duplicating Tesla’s broadcast electricity effects. But these systems were direct descendants of Tesla’s earliest and less efficient designs.
It is often in the nature of academes to forgo empirically evident facts and argue personal differences, especially when foreign personalities are given excessive adulation. Fixated on issues having to do with words and personal poise, Tesla’s audiences found several acrid voices whose equally vile publications dared tamper with Tesla’s character.

New critics were everywhere, even at home. Dolbear, Thomson, and even Pupin found time to criticize and deride Tesla. Because most younger academes relied entirely on schooling and less on empirical method, they were easily swayed by academic opinion. Tesla underestimated the power of media and of opinions in underrating his abilities. He quickly found that public opinion could actually sway scientific opinion. He failed to see who was behind the media campaign.

Tesla disregarded his antagonistic colleagues. Crookes always deferred to Tesla, whom he admired and loved as a younger protégé. Tesla revered the aged Crookes, upon whose confidence he came to rely during more difficult years. Crookes had been given a true Tesla Transformer when Tesla had given his lectures. The small device was potent, giving the uncharacteristic effects which Tesla had always claimed. This single piece of evidence was left in England for all to see. Remarkably, this evidence did not silence the critics.

Tesla could see no reason in all of this. Something did not quite “add up”. Even Tesla could see that there was a missing part of the “equation”. Discovering this part would explain his own reversals. As if these personally devastating events were not enough for him, the insolent young Anne continued haunting him at his every turn. He continued being “polite” to her, but never more than this.

Crookes wrote many times to the Royal Society and to Tesla concerning this fact. Sure that Tesla was a modern Faraday, Crookes continued espousing the belief that Tesla had discovered the next historically important electrical advancement. He was encouraged to continue research despite his protagonists. Few academes trusted Tesla’s methods now. Fewer yet listened any longer to his statements.

Losing credibility as quickly as he had found it, financiers were slow to trust investing in his new systems. His inventions continued their steady march into electrical history. Each new device chronicles a new step in the technology which should have changed the world. He plunged himself headlong into work. Only work would vindicate him. Opinion would fade when others gradually saw the astounding developments which he would produce. In these actions, Tesla revealed his noble and naive nature. The world had changed, but changed toward a more brutish rule.

BROADCAST POWER

He set to work developing more powerful embodiments of his initial Transformers. In order to make a Broadcast Electrical System possible it would be necessary to devise more efficient transformers. He set to work on this very task, examining and dissecting every fundamental part of his existing Transformers.

Tesla discovered that excessive sparking, though impressive to observers, were actually “lossy instabilities”. The distant radiant effects he desired were interrupted and distorted whenever sparking occurred. Both sparking and brush discharges actually ruined the distant broadcast effects of radiant electricity, a situation which had to be remedied. Tesla sought elimination of the discharges now. Tesla had already found that metals could focus radiant electrical effects. Additional stability in his Transformers could be achieved with the addition of large copper spheres to the active terminals. Tesla considered copper spheres to be “aether gas reservoirs”, providing his transmitters with an additional aether gas supply.

Copper spheres attached to Transformer terminals reduced the required electrical levels for an efficient electric radiance. Copper spheres significantly reduced the injurious instabilities of visually spectacular brush discharges, but did not eliminate them entirely. What Tesla required was a new means for transmitting the radiant electricity without loss.

Tests with elevated copper spheres facilitated efficient transfer of radiant power between the Transformer and surrounding space. Now, Tesla Transformers became true Tesla Transmitters. Tesla found it possible to broadcast harmless radiant electricity with great power to very great distances. Numerous subsequent patents recorded his progressive conquest of the broadcast power principle.

He succeeded in making radiant electricity safe for human use. It would simply travel around conductors if made to impulse quickly enough. Only specially entuned receivers could properly intercept the radiant power for utility. Not three years before he had accidentally discovered the radiant electrical effect. He dreamt of safely sending electrical power without wires in 1892. Now, in 1895, he had realized his dream. Would the system work across the vast distances which he envisioned?

He took his more portable Transmitters outdoors, away from the confines of his South Fifth Street laboratory. Both in northern Manhattan and Long Island, Tesla tested his radiant broadcast systems without restriction. He measured the distant radiant electric effects of these designs in electrostatic volts. Broadcast power could be converted back into current electricity if so desired, the harmless high voltage becoming current in appropriate low resistance transformer coils.

He found to his very great surprise that very distantly positioned vacuum tubes could be lit to great white brilliance when the primary system was operating. The requirement for this action was twofold. First both the system and the receivers had to be grounded. Second, specific volumes of copper had to be connected to the receivers. When these two requirements were satisfied, lamps maximized their brilliance, and motors operated with power.

Copper in the receiver had to “match” the copper mass of the transmitter in a very special equivalence, otherwise radiant transfer would not be efficient. The requirements differed very much from those of ordinary radio antennas. He also found that elevated copper spheres more powerfully enhanced the broadcast radiant power from his transmitters. This was Tesla’s means by which his transmitters and receivers could be better “connected” despite their distance.

Tesla believed that these electrical beams invisibly linked both his transmitter and receivers together. He considered each as “disconnected terminals” to ground. Electrical radiance spread out in all directions from the elevated copper sphere of his transmitter. The secret in receiving a maximum signal was to match the transmitter’s copper mass with the receiver mass. Then, the aether streams would actually focus into the matched receiver. This affinity would take time, the transmitter energy “searching” for better ground sites. Radiant electricity evidenced curiously vegetative “growth characteristics”.

Receivers now were outfitted with small copper spheres. These provided a more efficient affinity and absorption for the radiated power. The additional copper spheres which surmounted Tesla transmitters effectively lowered the input electrical power for the production of focused aether discharges.

Tesla took the gas dynamic analogy to another level when he found that both low pressure gaseous and vacuum tubes could replace copper. Electro-radiant effects from gas-filled globes were projected with less electrical loss and even greater power. Large low pressure argon gas filled globes were empirically found to broadcast tremendous radiance when used atop his transmitters. Additionally, he found that argon gas at low pressures could serve as an equivalent receiver as pure copper spheres. The gas filled globes would be less costly than copper spheres to disseminate in public use. He was approaching a totally efficient system. Numerous personages were invited to observe these historic tests. J.H. Hammond Jr. was one such individual. Enthralled with Tesla’s developments, he and his wife invited Tesla repeatedly to their home in later years. Tesla was their honored guest for months at a time. Later in years, after World War I, both Tesla and Hammond worked on robotics and remote control.

Tesla envisioned small power units for both home and industrial use. The installation and maintenance of these units would require a small monthly fee. Through these wireless units one could draw sufficient power to operate factories and homes alike. Electrical usage could be metered. The superiority of this new broadcast power system was obvious to all who observed it in operation.

Tesla also described the use of these power units for transportation. Transatlantic ships could simply draw their motive power from continental power broadcast stations. Trains and automobiles could be operated by drawing their power. The potential fortunes would soon stimulate financiers to invest heavily in the “coming activity”

In keeping with his publicity-mindedness, several investors were always invited to Tesla’s private demonstrations. Tesla knew that their urge to support his new world-shaking venture would become irresistible when once each had beheld his small broadcast power system. The demonstrations were deemed by these individuals as “entertaining”, in their typical dry tone. But, he rarely heard from these people again.

Here was a new change. Shy moneymen. A true contradiction.

Their reticence left Tesla in a state of bewilderment. Once, in a ditch, his conversation alone was sufficient perfume to attract the bees. Now? None would dare leap into the new world sea. Why? What sharks were there besides themselves? Tesla could simply not understand this new “dearth”, this incredulous conservatism and lack of imagination on the part of New York investors.

Eager to begin, Tesla patiently waited for the messengers to call. Had he known more of the world around him, however, he would have stopped waiting. Shortly after Tesla’s private demonstrations were concluded, Morgan’s agent approached Tesla with a “business proposition”. The bribe being sizable, contracts would have placed Morgan in control of Tesla’s new system. Tesla laughed at the pale little Mr. Brown in his pinching-tight tails, informing him that he himself was already a millionaire. Why should he need such an affiliation at all? He was escorted very graciously by the amused Tesla.

While dining in the Waldorf several hours later, a rude interruption informed him that his laboratories were ablaze. The connection between his refusal to bow and the flames which now reached skyward was not made until all was consumed. That night, the world changed completely for Nikola Tesla. He lost everything of his past. Everything. The totality of his technological achievements were burned into vapor. Books, priceless souvenirs, delicate equipment, patents, models, drawings, new pieces of apparatus. Everything was burned. He read the message well.

There was a two week period where he simply vanished. No one could find him. Kolman Czito, his trusted technical foreman and machinist feared for Tesla’s life. Katherine Underwood Johnson was beside herself with anguish. She was the wife of a close friend, the only real love of Tesla’s life. The fire was meant to kill. It was a message as clear as anyone would need. The assassination attempt failed to kill the intended victim. It certainly did not kill his dreams.

Wherever he was for those two weeks, the dreams were with him. But a part of Nikola Tesla died in the fire. It was the part which was tied to the past. His eyes on the future, Tesla developed his discovery into a major technology which the world seems to have forgotten. Of all those who prayed and wept over Tesla’s disappearance, one person was no longer concerned. Never again would Anne need to be troubled by the thought of Nikola Tesla. His love was already sealed. Tesla recovered from the flames.

His subsequent discoveries and inventions surpassed his former works for forty more years; special radiation projectors, self-acting heat engines, power transmitters, remote control and robotics, the “World Broadcast System”, Beam Broadcast transmitters, “aetheric reactors and aetheric engines”, cosmic ray motors, psychotronic television: the list of astounding inventions is truly awe-inspiring. Tesla demonstrated each of these systems for a select group of witnesses.

Furthermore, despite rumors of his public and scientific demise, Tesla maintained two penthouse suites atop the Hotel New Yorker in a time when such extravagance was otherwise unobtainable. One of these suites was converted into a complete radio laboratory, several accoutrements of which having been retrieved by antique radio enthusiasts. Tesla was an indefatigable researcher.

Indeed, the biography of Nikola Tesla is replete with truly mysterious designs and developments. But these are parts of his biography which must be told in other volumes…

Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943) was a visionary, inventor, and engineer, most commonly known today for his revolutionary contributions to the field of electromagnetism, including alternating current and radio, but, as we on the Borderlands know… that’s not all he did for us!

Interested in Nikola Tesla? Want to read more about his own research and the research his work has inspired? Check out our Nikola Tesla books, including the incredible Tesla technology research of Eric Dollard and George Trinkaus, all available through our Borderland Research Catalog.

Article by Gerry Vassilatos — from Borderlands (Vol. LII, Number 2, Second Quarter 1996)

TRANSFORMERS

Tesla operated the magnetic arc system at higher power levels, experimenting with various impulse lengths and repetition rates. He measured the mysterious electrical current which apparently flowed through space from this system. These radiant fields operated at far greater power than before. Strange effects were suddenly appearing at certain distances from the magnetic impulser. For one thing, Tesla noticed that metallic surfaces near the impulser became covered with white brush-like corona discharges. While the sparks played in trails across the metal surfaces, Tesla observed physical movement among the metal objects. Tensions and rocking motions. Both phenomena occurring simultaneously, he was utterly fascinated. The sparks themselves seemed alive. The moving metal objects seemed to suggest new motor effects. What was this strange coalition, this synchronicity of phenomena?

Brilliant white coronas came forth with a gaseous “hissing” sound from metal points and edges. Metal plates were soon poised all around the device for observation. Tesla recognized at once that these effects were not identical with those obtained earlier while using high frequency alternating currents. These new discharges were white, energetic, and strong.

The electrical behavior of copper plates, rods, cylinders, and spheres near his primary impulser brought forth a great variety of white fluidic discharges. Strong discharge brushes appeared from the ends of copper plates. These came in prodigious volumes, hissing and arcing wildly in all directions, especially from sharp points. Tesla tried copper discs. These seemed to produce more stable discharges. He observed the curious manner in which these white discharges seemed to “race” around the disc edge at times, blending and separating with all the other sparks. Here was a greatly magnified example of Reichenbach’s Od force perhaps!

He noted the manner in which white brush discharges appeared from copper conductors of different shapes. Each form, poised near his impulser, gave a characteristic corona distribution. This coronal correspondence with specific geometric form greatly impressed him. With certain metal forms the discharges were very fluidic in appearance. Smooth, fluidic sheaths covered copper cylinders of specific size. This absolutely fascinated Tesla. There was an aerodynamic nature inherent in radiant electricity.

Copper cylinders produced remarkable volumes of white discharges. The discharges from certain sized cylinders were actually larger than those being applied. This inferred that an energy transformation effect was taking place within the cylinder. This reminded him of his initial observation with the shock-excited wires. Those which did not explode gave forth far greater voltages than were initially used. He had never understood why this was occurring. Here was another instance in which applied energy was seemingly magnified by a conductor. Why was this happening?

The key to understanding this bizarre phenomenon might be found here, he thought. He observed the discharges from copper cylinders of various diameters. Each became edged with white brush discharges when held near or actually placed within the conductive copper strap of the impulser. The discharge effect was most pronounced when cylinders were placed within the periphery of the copper strap.

Tesla noticed that white corona sheaths were actually covering the outer cylinder wall at times. These would appear, build in strength, and disappear on sudden discharge with a surprising length. The sheathing action was repetitive when the cylinder had a critically small volume. Very small cylinders behaved like rods, where discharges only appeared at their edges. The stability of these strange sheath discharges varied with cylinder diameter and length.

Tesla noticed that not every cylinder performed well near the impulser. Only cylinders of specific volume produced stable and continuous white electrical sheaths. If the cylinders were too small; then the sheaths were intermittent and unstable. There was an obvious connection between the supplied impulse train and the cylinder volume. But what was it?

Tesla surveyed the entire range of his recent discoveries. Impulses produced a radiant electrical effect. Radiant electricity, was mysteriously flowing through space. As it flowed, it focused over metal conductors as a white fluidic corona. When the shape and volume of the metal conductors were just right, the energy appeared as a stable white corona of far greater voltage than the impulse generator supplied. More questions. More discoveries.

Rods produced sparks from their edges, but not as long as copper cylinders did. Tesla selected a cylinder which worked very well, and placed several horizontal “cuts” all around its surface. He was totally surprised when, on testing, the spark discharge from the cut cylinder was notably larger than before. Increased spark length means increased voltage. But why did this diminished conductivity force the voltage up?

The cuts diminished conductivity in the cylinder by forcing the energy into a tighter “squeeze”. He had noted that electrical impulses displayed a tendency to traverse the outer surface of metal conductors. Certain cylinders were often ensheathed in a fluidic white discharge which smoothly traveled between coil ends in a tightly constricted layer. Here was something truly notable. His input voltage was far less than that produced from the upper coil terminal. But why from end to end?

The essential reason why current preferred outer surface conduction was precisely because they were impulsing. The sudden shock which any conductor experienced produced an expansive effect, where the electrical charge was rejected by the conductive interior. This “skin effect” was a function of impulse time and conductor resistance. Highly resistant objects forced all of the impulse energy to the surface.

Now he was getting somewhere. Frustrated radiant electricity constricted into a tighter surface volume when encountering metal surfaces. This intense surface focusing effect brought the voltage up to tremendous values. Here was a new transformer effect! He believed it was an electrostatic transformation. Impulse currents each possessed an electrostatic nature. The bunching of charge in the impulser brings this electrostatic field to a peak in a small instant of time.

Constricting this field volume produces a greatly magnified voltage. Placement of any conductor in the field space alters the field by constricting its shape. When symmetrical conductors of special shape, volume, and resistance are placed in this space, the field is greatly constricted. Because the impulsing electrostatic field is very abrupt, it “snaps” over the conductor from end to end.

Tesla knew that here is where the secret lies. If resistance in the conductor is great enough, the snapping electrostatic force cannot move any charges. It is forced to “grow” over the conductor surface until it discharges at the end point, where greatly magnified voltages are obtained. When the wire diameter is small enough, the wire explodes under electrostatic pressures which exceed those seen in dynamite.

In effect, Tesla had managed to interrupt a high voltage direct current several thousand times per second. In doing so, he had discovered a way to completely separate electrostatic energy from current impulses. Tesla pondered these facts, wondering if it was possible to force the magnification effect beyond the limits of standard electromagnetic transformers. In other words, how high could voltage be raised? Was there a limit to the process?

In order to achieve such enormous voltage levels, he needed a conductive shape which offered so much resistance to charge movement, that all the applied energy would become electrostatic. In effect, Tesla wanted to convert a quantity of supply power into a pure electrostatic voltage. This phenomena suggested that his goal was not impossible.

Tesla extended his idea of the cut copper cylinder to coils. From the viewpoint of electrostatic impulses, flat copper coils appear to be “continuously cut” cylinders. The electrostatic field focuses over the coil as it did with the cylinders, from end to end. A simple magnet coil of specific volume would offer so much resistance that it would be difficult to predict the actual resultant voltage which results without an empirical test.

WHITEFIRE

Constructing several of these, he was ready for the test. When each copper magnet coil was impulsed, Tesla saw tremendous white brushes leaping from their free ends: discharges approaching one million volts! But his supply power was nowhere near these voltages, and the coil was not wrapped in thousands of windings. These previously unexpected voltage magnifications were the result of an energy transformation, one which took electrical power and converted it completely into pressure. Watts into Volts, an unheard thing. It was the key to a new and explosive technology.

Tesla also found that such coils required very thin coil forms. He ceased using cellulose and cardboard forms, preferring “squirrel cage” type forms made of thin end-braced wooden rods. Wire was wound about these cylindrically disposed rods, producing the very best effects. Spacings were also tried between successive coil windings with excellent results. Spaced windings reduced sparking to a minimum.

Tesla remarked that the electrostatic potentials along the coil surface (from end to end) could be as much as ten thousand volts per inch of winding! A ten inch coil of proper volume could produce one hundred thousand volt discharges. In addition, and in confirmation of his suspicions, no current was ever measured at the free terminals of these coils. A “zero coil current” condition! It was simply another paradox which would occupy the academicians for several more argumentative decades.

Tesla suddenly realized that coils represented a truly special and valuable component in his quest. The instantaneous resistance which any coil offered to an applied impulse was so immense that current could not flow through the wire length. As a phenomenal consequence, no current flowed through the coil windings at all! But sparking was observed, traveling from coil end to end. Here was yet another anomaly!

He began placing these “secondary” coils within his “primary” impulser circuit. The strap which connected his magnetic arc to the capacitors formed the “primary”. He made necessary distinctions among his Transformer components. Few engineers actually appreciate these distinctions. The “primary” and “secondary” of Tesla Transformers are not magnetic inductors. They are resistive capacitors. Coil-shaped capacitors! Tesla Transformer action is electrostatic induction.

There were conditions for the most efficient manifestation of the effect. Maxwell could not predict these values. Tesla empirically discovered most of the rules for impulse behavior. He found that the transformative abilities of these smooth copper coils were maximum when the coil mass equaled the mass of the impulser’s conductive copper strap. It did not matter how thin the coil windings were. The equality of copper masses brought maximum transformative effects. When this equal mass condition was fulfilled, Tesla said that the coil-capacitors were “in resonance”. Electrostatic resonance.

Tesla found it possible to produce millions of electrostatic volts by this method. His first Transformers were horizontal in orientation, both free ends of the secondary coil-capacitor producing unidirectional impulses of great power. White discharges from each of these free ends had very different characteristics, indicating the unidirectional flow. Electropositive terminals always appeared brushlike and broad. Electronegative terminals always appeared constricted and dart-like.

His next Transformer series employed vertical cylinders with the base connected directly to ground. Free terminals stood quite a distance above the primary capacitor strap, spouting a brilliant white crown. These marked a turning point in his theories concerning electricity, since it was possible for him to develop well over one million volts impulse power in a device scarcely taller than a child.

These discharges were of an intense white coloration. Whitefire. Very sudden impulses color discharge channels with the brilliant whitefire because Tesla Transformers separate the effusive aether from electrons. Tesla Transformer conduct tether, not electrons. The whitefire brilliance is the distinctive aetheric trademark of Tesla Transformers.

During this time, Tesla discovered the peculiar necessity for streamlining his Transformers. Cylindrical secondary capacitors suddenly became conical forms. These presented the most bizarre appearance of all. Tesla used cone-shaped secondaries to focus the impulses. Whitefire discharges from these forms evidenced real focusing effects, the discharges themselves assuming inverted conical shapes. Their greatly intensified nature is seen in photographs which were taken under his own intrigued supervision. The magnified voltages were reaching those thresholds in which his laboratory enclosures were far too small to continue making industrial scale progress on radiant energy systems.

The fact that whitefire discharges pass through all matter, notably insulators, revealed the aetheric nature. Tesla saw that whitefire discharges could permeate all materials in a strangely gaseous manner. This penetration scarcely heated matter. In fact, the whitefire brushes often had a cooling effect. The sparks themselves, though violent in appearance, were “soft” when compared to all other forms of electricity. He had successfully removed the hazard from electricity. In blocking the slow and dense charges, he had freed the mysterious effusive nether streams inherent in electricity. Because of this, new and intensified radiant effects were constantly making their appearance across his laboratory space.

Tesla found that as these new “Impulse Transformers” greatly magnified power supplied to them, so also their radiant electric effects were equally magnified. He found it possible to wirelessly project electrostatic power to very great distances, lighting special lamps to full candlepower at hundreds of feet. In these experiments, he also conceived of signaling systems. It would be possible to switch radiant effects in telegraphic fashion. Distant vacuum tube receivers would then light or dim in corresponding manner. Tesla experimented with a special breed of telegraphic wireless in 1890.

He also found it possible to wirelessly operate specially constructed motors by properly intercepting this space-flowing energy stream. He had made his own polyphase system obsolete! The new vision was vastly more enthralling. The world would be transformed. He discovered ways to beam the energy out to any focus, even to the zenith. His plan to illuminate the night sky with a radiant energy beacon captured the minds of all who listened.

Tesla now possessed the means by which the radiant electricity could be greatly magnified and transmitted. He could transform the very nature of the radiance so that it could carry increasingly greater power. Now he could begin developing a new technology which would completely revitalize the world order. Power could be broadcast to any location without wire connections. Radiant electricity could be utilized in completely new appliances. A new world was about to be released!

SPACE FLOWING CURRENT

Understanding the analogue between these electrical impulse effects and the behavior of high pressure gases was of paramount importance. This gaseous aspect of impulse electrical radiance was perhaps the most mystifying aspect of these new-found energies. Those who sought out Tesla’s every lecture were very aware that a new electrical species had been discovered.

While yet a student, Tesla had became aware of certain scientific imperatives enunciated by Johann von Goethe. One of these was the preservation and extension of all activities-natural. Goethe implied that when natural conditions were preserved during experimentation, then nature itself was in the best configuration to reveal more unified phenomenal exhibitions to qualitative observers.

Tesla recognized that his new discovery of impulse, the result of an accident, was a total departure from polyphase alternating current. While his original vision of the vortex was applied by him to the designing of motors and generators, Tesla now realized that this was not its primary message. In fact, taken from the viewpoint which Goethe expressed, polyphase was a most unnatural form of energy.

Natural activity is suffused with impulses, not alternations. Natural activity is initiated as a primary impulse. Nature is flooded with impulses of all kinds. From lightning to nervous activities, all natural energy movements occur as impulses. Impulses were now seen by Tesla to fill the natural world. But, more fundamentally, Tesla saw that impulses flood the metaphysical world.

The mysterious flow of meanings during conversation occurs as a sequence of directed impulses in space. Though inert air vibrates in alternations with sounds uttered, the flow of meaning remains unidirectional. Intentions are also impulses. The unidirectional flow of intentions appear as impulses. Motivations proceed from the manifestation of sudden desires. Overtly expressed as actions, the initiating impulses are then fulfilled.

Tesla wished to comprehend where this “motivating force” came from, and where it went during the expressed actions. In all of this, he was very much the wonderful stereotype of the Victorian natural philosopher. His scientific pursuits followed these considerations until the last. Those who study his announcements recognize his metaphysical foundations, the basis of all his subsequent scientific quests.

Tesla observed the amazing “coordination” of new phenomena which daily seemed to bring new technological potentials before him. This wonderful synchronicity, this vortex, revealed his new and fortunate position in nature. Having somehow “broken” his fixation with the unnatural…with polyphase…he re-entered the natural once again. Impulses. Could it be that the induction of electrical impulses summoned the other impulse characteristics of nature? Was he producing a metaphysical vortex, into which all the impulse phenomena of nature would now flow? Was this the real sunset message which seized him in Budapest, so many years ago? Was electricity the fundamental natural energy. ..the motivator?

Victorian Science was not exactly sure what electricity was, there being so very many attributes associated with the term. Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century natural philosophers conjectured on the nature of both electric and magnetic forces. Gilbert and Descartes shared the belief that these forces were a special kind of “flowing charge”, a space radiant stream which took place in tightly constricted lines. Some equated the electromagnetic forces with a “dark light”, which Karl von Reichenbach later proved in part.

Faraday adopted and modified the view that electromagnetic forces acted through space because they were a special flow of charge. This effusive charge movement changed when traveling through conductors, becoming more densified and retarded in velocity. Faraday’s “lines of force” were not conceived by him to be mere static tensions as modernists view them. Faraday envisioned these force lines as radiant, streaming lines. They were mobile, moving longitudinally into space.

Others would change the names, referring to electric force lines as “dia-electric” or dielectric flux, but the view remained essentially as conceived by Faraday. Young James Clerk Maxwell also believed that force lines were dynamic, longitudinal lines of flow. But flowlines of what substance? Here lay the principle problem which occupied physicists throughout the Victorian Era.

Victorian researchers and natural philosophers wished to discover the exact nature of the “flowing charge” of which force lines were composed. Most agreed that the mysterious flowing “substance” had to be an effusive, ultra-gaseous flux. This flux was composed of infinitesimal energy particles which effected the various pressures and inductions observed.

Henry and Faraday struggled with the idea of deriving usable electric power from static charges. The notions was that, since forcelines were made of a “flowing charge substance”, then fixed contacts placed on charged masses would supply electrical power forever. No one was able, however, to derive this flowing charge. Lossy discharges preceded every contact. Most researchers, whose attempts with highly charged Leyden-Jars failed, sought a more benign source of concentrated charge. The quest shifted to magnets, but the attempt remained as futile as ever. There remained no available way to derive power from the individual flowing charges of a forceline.

J.J. Thomson discovered electrons in vacuum discharges, assuming that these “electric particles” operated in all instances where electrical activity was observed. Victorian researchers did not accept this view completely. Thomson’s “electrons” were viewed as the result of violent collisions across a vacuum acceleration space. It was not possible to ascertain whether these same “Thomson currents” were active within electrical conductors operating at small voltages.

Very reputable experimenters besides Tesla continued claiming that “space flowing electricity” is the real electricity. Tesla’s classic demonstrations proved that rapid electrical impulses actually exceed the ability of fixed charges to transmit the applied forces. Charges lag where electrostatic forces continue propagating. One is compelled to see that electrostatic forces precede the movement of charges.

Tesla saw that electrostatic impulses could flow without line charges. His “zero current coils” operated simply because the charges themselves were immobilized. Electricity was shown to be more in the nature of a flowing force rather than a stream of massive particles. But what then was this “flowing current”?

In Tesla’s view, radiant electricity is a space flowing current which is NOT made of electrons. Later Victorians believed that there was a substance which both filled all space and permeated all matter. Several serious researchers claimed to have identified this gas. Notables, such as Mendeleev predicted the existence of several ultra-rare gases which preceded hydrogen. These, he claimed, were inert gases. This is why they were rarely detected. The inert gases which Mendeleev predicted formed an atmosphere which flooded all of space. These gaseous mixtures composed the aether.

Tesla and others believed that both electrical and magnetic forces were actually streams of nether gas which had been fixated in matter. Materials were somehow “polarized” by various “frictive” treatments by which an nether gas flow was induced in them. Most materials could maintain the flow indefinitely, since no work was required on their part. Matter had only to remain polarized, transducing the nether flow. The nether gas contained all the power. Unlimited power.

This ether gas power manifested as the electromagnetic forces themselves, adequate reason to pursue the development of an nether gas engine. Such an engine could run forever on the eternal kinetic energies of the aether itself, it being both generated and driven by the stars.

Tesla believed that radiant electricity is composed of aether gas. He based this belief on the fact that his zero current coils were not conducting the “slow and dense” charges usually observed in ordinary electrical circuits. Abrupt impulses produced distinctive and different effects … fluidic effects. The qualities ascribed by Tesla to “electricity” or things “electrical” in his numerous patent texts and press interviews are those which refer to the nether gas. Tesla did not refer to electron currents as “electricity”. He did not equate “electricity” with electron flow. Whenever Tesla spoke of “electrical” effects he always described their effusive, gaseous quality.

Tesla referred to space as the “ambient or natural medium”. Space, he claimed, was that which “conducts electricity”. He had found a means by which this gaseous electrical flow could be greatly concentrated, magnified, and directed. He saw that this radiant electricity was, in reality, a gaseous emanation. An aetheric emanation. This is why he made constant reference to fluidic terminology throughout his lectures.

Resistance, volume, capacity, reservoir, surface area, tension, pressure, pressure release: these were the terms upon which Tesla relied throughout his presentations. The terminology of hydraulics. Tesla also recognized that because aether was a gas, it had aerodynamic requirements.

Aether, in Tesla’s lexicon, was space flowing electricity: a gas of superlative and transcendent qualities. Aether was the electricity which filled all of space, a vast reservoir of unsurpassable power. Motive, dynamic, and free for the taking. Aether gas technology would revolutionize the world. Aether gas engines would provide an eternal power source for the world. Science, industry, corporations, financial alignments, social orders, nations— everything would change.

Article by Gerry Vassilatos — from Borderlands (Vol. LII, Number 2, Second Quarter 1996)

THE drama of Twentieth Century Science and its intriguing relationship with financiers and governments unfold together in the remarkable life of Nikola Tesla. His is a biography replete with all the elements of tragedy. Tesla, a great discoverer of unsurpassed force, became the focal point of old insidious forces intent on destroying the future for the selfish sake of the status quo. Tesla remains a focal point of wonderment, of dream, and of worlds which yet should be to those who are familiar with his biography. For them, Tesla stands astride the quaint past century and the gleaming future. He is a technological Colossus, pointing the way to a new dawn.

The biography of Nikola Tesla should be the very first chapter in every child’s science text. Yet, we find his name stricken from the record in every avenue of which he alone holds priority. This conspicuous absence prompts wonderment. What the world does with discoverers determines the world course. In the life of Nikola Tesla we see the portrayal of our own future, the fate of the world. The achievements of this researcher were lofty. The world has not yet implemented his greatest works. For a time, all the world’s dramatis persona focused on Tesla. He remains the legend, the theme, the archetype of all Twentieth Century scientists.

But who was Nikola Tesla, and where was he from? How did he reach such a mighty stature, and what did he actually invent? Tesla was born in 1856, the son of an illustrious Serbian family. His father, an Orthodox priest, his uncles noteworthy military heroes of highest rank. He was educated in Graz, and later moved to Budapest. Throughout his life he was blessed, or haunted, by vivid visions. In the terminology of Reichenbach he would be termed an extreme sensitive. It was through these remarkable visions that Nikola Tesla invented devices which the Victorian world had never seen. Indeed, his visionary experiences produced the modern world as we know it.

He attended various Universities in Eastern Europe during his early adulthood. While delving into his studies, he became aware by the new and insidious scientific trends which questioned the validity of human sense and reason. An impassioned soul, Tesla felt the pain of modern humanity in its intellectual search for a soul. Finding no solace in any of his classes, he sought refuge in a more romantic treatment of science and nature. None could be found. Professors dutifully promoted the “new view” by which it was, declared that the natural world was “inert …dead …a mere collection of forces”.

This quantitative regime was mounting force among academes, who were then attempting the total conversion of scientific method. Those who would not accept the new order were compelled to depart from academic pursuits. Tesla totally rejected these notions on the strongest of inner intuitions. Most of his instructors would have said that he was not University material. Tesla, sensitive to every such dogmatic wind, rejected their thesis and sought some better means for knowing nature. If he was to excel in engineering, there could only be cooperation with natural force, never violence. It was clear to him that the new scientific world-attack would ultimately lead to violent responses from nature itself.

His inner conflict expressed itself openly and candidly, bringing young Tesla into certain disrepute among rigid University authorities. Universities were more like military academies than places where original thinking was conducted in open forum. Tesla challenged too many persons of esteemed rank with probing questions for which he was given rebuke but no real answers.

A gifted researcher and voracious reader, he chanced upon some forgotten volumes of natural science written by Goethe. He had not been aware that Goethe, long before he chose poetry for the vehicle of his scientific themes, had written several magnificent tomes on the natural world. Tesla found to his wonder that Goethe had experienced the very same emotions. When the new scientific dogma was just in its infancy, Goethe caught wind of it and reacted violently, even as one who stands watch in the night.

Goethe was well aware of the new scientific trend and its implications. The reduction of nature to forces and mechanisms was utterly revolting to Goethe. Now, Tesla found a notable compatriot in his experience. He secured a thorough collection of Goethe’s scientific texts and read these to the exclusion of all other philosophies. It was through this window that we may comprehend all of Tesla’s scientific methods and later statements. For in Tesla we see the quest for communion with nature, one based on the faith that mind, sensation, consciousness, and ordained structure form the world foundations.

The sense-validating Qualitative Theme again appears in Nikola Tesla. Armed with this foundation, he was able to filter and qualify every other new study with which he was presented. In addition, he was irresistibly drawn into the study of electricity, the “new magick”. In the following months, he absorbed the electrical engineering courses so rapidly that he no longer attended classes. He had taken a technical position in Budapest. Several new intuitions had seized him. Tesla became fascinated, obsessed with alternating current electricity. The problem he faced was considered insurmountable. Tesla was sure that he could devise an engine which was turned, not by contact-currents, but by magnetic field actions alone.

The struggle toward designing such a device, begun as a puzzling amusement, was now completely consuming his strength. The answer, tantalizing and near, seemed elusive. Undergirding all these efforts was the strongest desire to achieve something original, and by this, to attain financial independence for the sake of pure research. His only dream was to have a laboratory facility of his own.

The excessive labors and mental exertions nearly drove him to the brink of madness. He was, for as time, seized with strange maladies and sensitivities which physicians could not address. Reichenbach accurately describes these symptoms, characteristic of extreme sensitives. There come times when the neurological sensitivity of these individuals literally transforms and processes through their being. The emergence of these rare sensitivities affects such persons for the remainder of their lives.

Tesla found that his senses were amplified beyond reason. He was terribly frightened at first, nervous exhaustion permeating his frail being. Eventually learning to manage these rare faculties, he again resumed his life. But the visions which began in his youth were now more vivid and solid than ever before. When they came, unbidden, he could literally touch and walk around them. Now also, he was equal to receiving them. He was waiting for the revelation by which his alternating current motor would appear.

Tesla’s life came into a new focus while walking in a park with some friends, the year 1881. It was late afternoon, and Tesla became entranced with the sight of a glorious sunset. Moved to indescribable emotions, he began quoting a verse from Goethe’s “Faust”:

“The glow retreats, done is our day of toil;
it yonder hastes, new fields of life exploring,
ah, can no wing lift me from this soil…
upon his track to follow, follow soaring?”

As he reached this last line of verse, Tesla was suddenly seized by an overwhelming vision. In it, he beheld a great vortex, whirling eternally in the sun and driving across the earth with its infinite power. Completely absorbed in this glory, he became catatonic and irresponsive… to the great fear of his companions. His mind and body buzzing with the power of the vision, he suddenly blurted out, “see my motor here… watch me reverse it”. They shook him, believing he had lost his mind completely.

Rigid and resisting all of their efforts, he would not move until the vision subsided. When he was finally led to a bench, he seemed completely transformed. The remainder of the day was spent in a grand and joyous celebration, Tesla’s remaining funds supplying the feast. Throughout the long hours of that night he shared with his friends the great sight he had beheld. They spoke of the sure implications portended for the world’s future, and departed with very great expectations.

Moving to Strassburg, he was employed as an engineer in a telephone subsidiary of the Continental Edison Company. It was in a small machine shop that he constructed the world’s first brushless motors. He called them “magnetic vortex motors”. Their whirling magnetic fields baffled electrical engineers. Now, Tesla’s professors were studying his work. Goethe was absolute in his judgment of science and human nature: nature leads humanity to “follow, follow soaring”.

Tesla’s strange whirling devices worked on their very first trial. There were no connections between the rotors and stators, no sparking, lossy brushes. The motion was smooth and efficient. Numerous alternating current generators, transformers, and “brushless” motors, all were developed by Tesla in quick succession. The vision in material form. Himself a professional draftsman, he mapped out his entire Polyphase System. Tesla emigrated to America with a full portfolio of plans. America would be the place where his dreams would find fulfillment.

Continually attracted to engineering problems which none could master, his sudden visualization of the solutions became his normal mode of operation. In this respect, as well as others, he remained the wonder of all his technical assistants. He worked for Thomas Edison in New Jersey for a very short time period until securing a laboratory and financial supporters of his own.

In his first independent venture he developed arc lamps and lighting systems. When his financial supporters betrayed his trust, they left him bankrupt overnight. He became a ditch digger, suffering all the indignities which immigrants faced in America during the 1880′s. He learned the value of publicity after his incessant mention of polyphase and alternating current managed to attract the attention of certain new financial supporters. They drew him out of the ditch, but not before he demanded his own laboratory, a machine shop, and a sizable personal percentage “up front”. The result was our present day electrical distribution system.

Tesla did not invent alternating current. Tesla reinvented alternating current in the form of Polyphase Current. His Polyphase System was a novel means for blending three identical alternating currents together simultaneously, but “out of step”. The idea was similar to having three pistons on a crankshaft rather than one. Tesla’s method had wonderful advantages, especially when motors were to be operated. Formally, no one could make an alternating current motor turn at all simply because no net motion could be derived from a current which just “shuttled” to and fro.

Polyphase applied a continuous series of separate “pushes” to rotors. Tesla’s Polyphase System made brushless motors and brilliant lighting methods possible. Polyphase made it also possible to send electrical power to very great distances with little loss. Alternating electrical currents vibrated in the line. Current did not flow continuously from end to end, as in Edison’s flawed system. Edison’s direct current system could not supply electricity beyond a few city blocks before current virtually disappeared.

In efforts to discover a more efficient kind of polyphase, Tesla explored higher frequency alternating currents. During this research, he built and patented several remarkable generators. Higher frequency polyphase was found by Tesla to perform with far greater efficacy than the common sixty-cycle variety which we still use. He fully intended on implementing these special generators in the system which his patron and friend, George Westinghouse, had proliferated. The business arrangement rendered Tesla fabulously wealthy at a young age.

Tesla extended his generator frequencies in multiples of sixty until reaching some thirty thousand cycles per second. These very high frequency alternating current generators became the marvel of all the academic and engineering world. They were copied and modified by several other subsequent inventors including Alexanderson. Remarkably driven at excessive speeds, they constituted Tesla’s first belief that high frequency alternating current generators would supply the world’s power.

High frequency current phenomena were new and exceedingly curious. A line of experimental research was conducted in order to evaluate new safe and possibly more efficient ways for transmitting power along long elevated lines. Tesla stated that the transmission of such safe currents across very long powerline distances in the future would be a certainty, seeing their wonderful new qualities.

Tesla found that high frequency currents were harmless when contacted by the human body. Discharges from these generators traversed the outer surface of materials, never penetrating matter with depth. There was no danger when working with high frequency currents. He also observed their very curious and beautiful spark effects. They hissed and fizzled all over wire conductors, could stimulate luminescence in low pressure gas bulbs, seemed to traverse insulative barriers with ease, and made little pinwheels spin like delicate little fireworks displays.

Though curious, the effects were weak and furtive. They seemed to intimate some future technology which he was yet unable to penetrate. Tesla learned that his intuitions and visions were infallible. What he guessed usually proved true.’ This very personal revelation, he later claimed, was his greatest discovery.

As the safety of all personnel was his main concern, he was consumed with the idea of making his High Frequency Polyphase System completely safe for human operators and consumers alike. An extensive examination of each System component was undertaken with this aim in mind. Tesla was thorough and relentless in his quest for safety and efficiency.

But, his involvement with alternating currents would come to an abrupt and unexpected end. During a series of experiments which followed these high frequency tests, an amazing seldom-mentioned accident occurred in which Tesla observed a phenomenon which forever altered his view of electricity and technology.

SHOCKING DISCOVERY

Tesla was an avid and professional experimenter throughout his life. His curiosity was of such an intense nature that he was able to plumb the mysteries of an electrical peculiarity with no regard for his own comfort. Whereas Edison would work and sleep for a few hours on the floor, Tesla would never sleep until he had achieved success in an experimental venture. This marathon could last for days. He was once observed to work through a seventy two hour period without fatigue. His technicians were in awe of him.

The Victorian Era was flooding over with new electrical discoveries by the day. Keeping up with the sheer volume of strange electrical discoveries and curiosities was a task which Tesla thoroughly enjoyed …and preferred. His Polyphase System in perfect working order, the pleasurable occupation of studying new gazettes and scientific journals often fascinated his mind to the exclusion of all other responsibilities. A millionaire and world heralded genius before the age of thirty, Tesla sought the pure kind of research he had so long craved.

Whenever he observed any intriguing electrical effect he immediately launched into experimental study with a hundred variations. Each study brought him such a wealth of new knowledge that, based on phenomena which he observed, he was immediately able to formulate new inventions and acquire new patents.

Tesla’s New York laboratories had several sections. This complex was arranged as a multi-level gallery, providing a complete research and production facility. Tesla fabricated several of his large transformers and generators in the lower floors, where the machine shops of this building were housed. The upper floors contained his private research laboratories. He had attracted a loyal staff of technicians. Of all these, Kolman Czito was a trusted friend who would stand by Tesla for the remainder of his life. Czito was the machine shop foreman in each of Tesla’s New York laboratories.

Tesla observed that instantaneous applications of either direct or alternating current to lines often caused explosive effects. While these had obvious practical applications in improvement and safety, Tesla was seized by certain peculiar aspects of the phenomenon. He had observed these powerful blasts when knife-switches were quickly closed and opened in his Polyphase System. Switch terminals were often blasted to pieces when the speed of the switchman matched the current phase.
Tesla assessed the situation very accurately. Suddenly applied currents will stress conductors both electrically and mechanically. When the speed of the switch-action is brief enough, and the power reaches a sufficiently high crescendo, the effects are not unlike a miniature lightning stroke. Electricity initially heats the wire, bringing it to vapor point. The continual application of current then blasts the wire apart by electrostatic repulsion. But was this mechanistic explanation responsible for every part of the phenomenon?

The most refractory metals were said to be vaporized by such electrical blasts. Others had used this phenomenon to generate tiny granular diamonds. Yes, there were other aspects about this violent impulse phenomenon which tantalized him. Sufficiently intrigued, he developed a small lightning “generator” consisting of a high voltage dynamo and small capacitor storage bank. His idea was to blast sections of wire with lightning-like currents. He wanted to observe the mechanically explosive effects which wires sustain under sudden high-powered electrifications.

Instantaneous applications of high current and high voltage could literally convert thin wires into vapor. Charged to high direct current potentials, his capacitors were allowed to discharge across a section of thin wire. Tesla configured his test apparatus to eliminate all possible current alternations. The application of a single switch contact would here produce a single, explosive electrical surge: a direct current impulse resembling lightning. At first Tesla hand-operated the system, manually snapping a heavy knife switch on and off. This became less favorable as the dynamo voltages were deliberately increased.

He quickly closed the large knife switch held in his gloved hand. Bang! The wire exploded. But as it did so, Tesla was stung by a pressure blast of needle-like penetrations. Closing the dynamo down, he rubbed his face, neck, arms, chest, and hands. The irritation was distinct. He thought while the dynamo whirred down to a slow spin. The blast was powerful. He must have been sprayed by hot metal droplets as small as smoke particles. Though he examined his person, he fortunately found no wounds. No evidence of the stinging blast which he so powerfully felt.

Placing a large glass plate between himself and the exploding wire, he performed the test again. Bang! The wire again turned to vapor…but the pressured stinging effect was still felt. But, what was this? How were these stinging effects able to penetrate the glass plate? Now he was not sure whether he was experiencing a pressure effect or an electrical one. The glass would have screened any mechanical shrapnel, but would not appreciably shield any electrical effects.

Through careful isolation of each experimental component, Tesla gradually realized that he was observing a very rare electrical phenomenon. Each “bang” produced the same unexpected shock response in Tesla, while exploding small wire sections into vapor.

The instantaneous burst produced strange effects never observed with alternating currents. The painful shocking sensation appeared each time he closed or opened the switch. These sudden shock currents were IMPULSES, not alternations. What surprised him was the fact that these needle-like shocks were able to reach him from a distance: he was standing almost ten feet from the discharge site!

These electrical irritations expanded out of the wire in all directions and filled the room in a mystifying manner. He had never before observed such an effect. He thought that the hot metal vapor might be acting as a “carrier” for the electrical charges. This would explain the strong pressure wave accompanied by the sensation of electrical shock. He utilized longer wires. When the discharge wire was resistive enough, no explosion could occur.

Wire in place, the dynamo whirred at a slower speed. He threw die switch for a brief instant, and was again caught off guard by the stinging pressure wave! The effect persisted despite the absence of an explosive conductor. Here was a genuine mystery. Hot vapor was not available to “carry” high voltage charges throughout the room. No charge carriers could be cited in this instance to explain the stinging nature of the pressure wave. So what was happening here?

The pressure wave was sharp and strong, like a miniature thunderclap. It felt strangely “electrical” when the dynamo voltage was sufficiently high. In fact, it was uncomfortably penetrating when the dynamo voltage was raised beyond certain thresholds. It became clear that these pressure waves might be electrified. Electrified soundwaves. Such a phenomenon would not be unexpected when high voltages were used. Perhaps he was fortunate enough to observe the rare phenomenon for the first time.

He asked questions. How and why did the charge jump out of the line in this strange manner? Here was a phenomenon which was not described in any of the texts with which he was familiar. And he knew every written thing on electricity. Thinking that he was the victim of some subtle, and possibly deadly short circuit, he rigorously examined the circuit design. Though he searched, he could find no electrical leakages. There were simply no paths for any possible corona effects to find their way back into the switching terminal which he held.

Deciding to better insulate the arrangement in order that all possible line leakages could be eradicated, he again attempted the experiment. The knife switch rapidly closed and opened, he again felt the unpleasant shock just as painfully as before. Right through the glass shield! Now he was perplexed. Desiring total distance from the apparatus, he modified the system once more by making it “automatic”.

He could freely walk around the room during the test He could! hold the shield or simply walk without it. A small rotary spark switch was arranged in place of the hand-held knife switch. The rotary switch was arranged to interrupt the dynamo current in slow, successive intervals. The system was actuated, the motor switch cranked it contacts slowly. Snap …snap …snap …each contact produced the very same room-filling irritation.

This time it was most intense. Tesla could not get away from the shocks, regardless of his distance from the apparatus across his considerably large gallery hall. He scarcely could get near enough to deactivate the rotating switch. From what he was able to painfully observe, thin sparks of a bright blue-white color stood straight out of the line with each electrical contact.

The shock effects were felt far beyond the visible spark terminations. This seemed to indicate that their potential was far greater than the voltage applied to the line. A paradox! The dynamo charge was supplied at a tension of fifteen thousand volts, yet the stinging sparks were characteristics of electrostatic discharges exceeding some two hundred fifty thousand volts. Somehow this input current was being transformed into a much higher voltage by an unknown process. No natural explanation could be found. No scientific explanation sufficed. There was simply not enough data on the phenomenon for an answer. And Tesla knew that this was no ordinary phenomenon. Somewhere in the heart of this activity was a deep natural secret. Secrets of this kind always opened humanity into new revolutions.

Tesla considered this strange voltage multiplying effect from several viewpoints. The problem centered around the fact that there was no magnetic induction taking place. Transformers raise or lower voltage when current is changing. Here were impulses. Change was happening during the impulse. But there was no transformer in the circuit. No wires were close enough for magnetic inductions to take place. Without magnetic induction, there could theoretically be -no transformation effect. No conversion from low to high voltage at all. Yet, each switch snap brought both the radiating blue-white sparks and their painful sting.

IMPULSES

Tesla noted that the strange sparks were more like electrostatic discharges. If the sparks had been direct current arcs reaching from the test line, he would surely have been killed with the very first close of the switch. The physical pressure and stinging pain of these sparks across such distances could not be explained. This phenomenon had never been reported by those who should have seen and felt its activities.

Tesla gradually came to the conclusion that the shock effect was something new, something never before observed. He further concluded that the effect was never seen before because no one had ever constructed such a powerful impulse generator. No one had ever reported the phenomenon because no one had ever generated the phenomenon.

Tesla once envisioned a vortex of pure energy while looking into a sunset The result of this great Providential vision was polyphase current. A true revelation. But this, this was an original discovery found through an accident. It was an empirical discovery of enormous significance. Here was a new electrical force, an utterly new species of electrical force which should have been incorporated into the electrical equations of James Clerk Maxwell. Surprisingly, it was not.

Tesla now questioned his own knowledge. He questioned the foundations on which he had placed so much confidence in the last several years. Maxwell was the “rule and measure” by which all of Tesla’s polyphase generators had been constructed. Tesla penetrated the validity of Maxwell’s mathematical method. It was well known that Maxwell had derived his mathematical descriptions of electromagnetic induction from a great collection of available electrical phenomena. Perhaps he had not studied enough of the phenomena while doing so.

Perhaps newer phenomena had not been discovered, and were therefore unavailable to Maxwell for consideration. How was Maxwell justified in stating his equations as “final”? In deriving the laws of electromagnetic induction, Maxwell had imposed his own “selection process” when deciding which electrical effects were the “basic ones”. There were innumerable electrical phenomena which had been observed since the eighteenth century. Maxwell had difficulty selecting what he considered to be “the most fundamental” induction effects from the start.

The selection process was purely arbitrary. After having “decided” which induction effects were “the most fundamental”, Maxwell then reduced these selected cases and described them mathematically. His hope was to simplify matters for engineers who were designing new electrical machines. The results were producing “prejudicial” responses in engineers who could not bear the thought of any variations from the “standard”. Tesla had experienced this kind of thematic propaganda before, when he was a student. The quantitative wave of blindness was catching up with him.

Tesla and others knew very well that there were strange and anomalous forms of electromagnetic induction which were constantly and accidentally being observed. These seemed to vary as the experimental apparatus varied. New electrical force discoveries were a regular feature of every Nature Magazine issue. Adamant in the confidence that all electrical phenomena had been both observed and mathematically described, academicians would be very slow to accept Tesla’s claims.

But this academic sloth is not what bothered Tesla. He had already found adequate compensation for his superior knowledge in the world of industry. Tesla, now in possession of an effect which was not predicted by Maxwell, began to question his own knowledge. Had he become a “mechanist”, the very thing which he reviled when a student? Empirical fact contradicted what that upon he based his whole life’s work. Goethe taught that nature leads humanity.

The choice was clear: accept the empirical evidence and reject the conventional theory. For a time he struggled with a way to “derive” the shock effect phenomenon by mathematically wrestling “validity” from Maxwell’s equations … but could not. A new electrical principle had been revealed. Tesla would take this, as he did the magnetic vortex, and from it weave a new world.

What had historically taken place was indeed unfortunate. Had Maxwell lived after Tesla’s accidental discovery, then the effect might have been included in the laws. Of course, we have to assume that Maxwell would have “chosen” the phenomenon among those which he considered “fundamental”.

There was no other way to see his new discovery now. Empirical fact contradicted theoretical base. Tesla was compelled to follow. The result was an epiphany which changed Tesla’s inventive course. For the remainder of his life he would make scientific assertions which few could believe, and fewer yet would reproduce. There yet exist several reproducible electrical phenomena which cannot be predicted by Maxwell. They continually appear whenever adventuresome experimenters make accidental observations.

FOCUS

High voltage impulse currents produced a hitherto unknown radiant effect. In fact, here was an electrical “broadcast” effect whose implementation in a myriad of bizarre designs would set Tesla apart from all other inventors. This new electrical force effect was a preeminent discovery of great historical significance. Despite his fact, few academicians grasped its significance as such. Focused now on dogmatizing Maxwell’s work, they could not accept Tesla’s excited announcements. Academes argued that Tesla’s effect could not exist. They insisted that Tesla revise his statements.

Tesla’s mysterious effect could not have been predicted by Maxwell because Maxwell did not incorporate it when formulating His equations. How could he have done so, when the phenomenon was just discovered? Tesla now pondered the academic ramifications of this new effect. What then of his own and possibly other electrical phenomena which were not incorporated into Maxwell’s force laws? Would academes now ignore their existence? Would they now even dare to reject the possibility of such phenomena on the basis of an incomplete mathematical description?

Seeing that the effect could grant humanity enormous possibilities when once tamed, Tesla wished to study and implement the radiant electrical action under much safer conditions. The very first step which he took before proceeding with this experimental line was the construction of special grounded copper barriers: shields to block the electrical emanations from reaching him.

They were large, body sized mantles of relatively thick copper. He grounded these to insure his own complete safety. In electrical terms, they formed a “Faraday Cage” around him. This assembly would block out all static discharges from ever reaching Tesla during the tests. Now he could both observe and write what he saw with confidence.

Positioned behind his copper mantle, Tesla initiated the action. ZZZZZZ…the motorized switch whirring, dynamo voltage interrupted several hundred times per second, the shock action was now continuous. He felt a steady rhythm of electrostatic irritations right through the barrier accompanied by a pressure wave which kept expanding. An impossibility. No electrical influence should have passed through the amount of copper which composed the shield. Yet this energetic effect was penetrating, electrically shocking, and pressured. He had no words to describe this aspect of the new phenomenon. The shocks really stung.

Tesla was sure that this new discovery would produce a completely new breed of inventions, once tamed and regulated. Its effects differed completely from those observed in high frequency alternating current. These special radiant sparks were the result of non-reversing impulses. In fact, this effect relied on the non-reversing nature of each applied burst for its appearance. A quick contact charge by a powerful high voltage dynamo was performing a feat of which no alternating generator was capable. Here was a demonstration of “broadcast electricity”.

Most researchers and engineers are fixed in their view of Nikola Tesla and his discoveries. They seem curiously rigidified in the thought that his only realm of experimental developments lay in alternating current electricity. This is an erroneous conception which careful patent study reveals. Few recognize the documented facts that, after his work with alternating currents was completed, Tesla switched over completely to the study of impulse currents. His patents from this period to the end of his career are filled with the terminology equated with electrical impulses alone.

The secret lay principally in the direct current application in a small time interval. Tesla studied this time increment, believing that it might be possible to eliminate the pain field by shortening the length of time during which the switch contact is made. In a daring series of experiments, he developed rapid mechanical rotary switches which handled very high direct voltage potentials. Each contact lasted an average of one ten-thousandth second.

Exposing himself to such impulses of very low power, he discovered to his joy and amazement that the pain field was nearly absent. In its place was a strange pressure effect which could be felt right through the copper barriers. Increasing the power levels of this device produced no pain increase, but did produce an intriguing increased pressure field. The result of simple interrupted high voltage DC, the phenomenon was never before reported except by witnesses of close lightning strokes. This was erroneously attributed however to pressure effects in air.

Not able to properly comprehend their nature at first, Tesla also conservatively approached the pressure phenomenon as due to air pressure. He had first stated that the pressure field effect was due to sharp soundwaves which proceeded outward from the suddenly charged line. In fact, he reported this in a little-known publication where he first announced the discovery. Calling the pressure effects “electrified soundwaves”, he described their penetrating nature in acoustic terms.
Further experimentation however, gradually brought the new awareness that both the observed pressure effect and electrical shock fields were not taking place in air at all. He demonstrated that these actions could take place in oil immersions. Impulse charged lines were placed in mineral oil and carefully watched. Strong pressure projections emerged from sharp wire ends in the oil, as if air were streaming out under high pressure.

Tesla fast believed that this stream was wire-absorbed air driven off by electrical pressure. Continual operation of the phenomenon convinced him that the projected stream was not air at all. Furthermore, he was not at a loss to explain the effect, but was reluctant to mention his own theory of what had been generated by high voltage direct current impulses.

Tesla made electrical measurements of this projective stream. One lead of a galvanometer was connected to a copper plate, the other grounded. When impulses were applied to wire line, the unattached and distant meter registered a continual direct current. Current through space without wires! Now here was something which impulses achieved, never observed with alternating currents of any frequency.

Analysis of this situation proved that electrical energy or electrically productive energies were being projected from the impulse device as rays, not waves. Tesla was amazed to find these rays absolutely longitudinal in their action through space, describing them in a patent as “light-like rays”. These observations conformed with theoretical expectations described in 1854 by Kelvin.

In another article Tesla calls them “dark-rays”, and “rays which are more light-like in character”. The rays neither diminished with the inverse square of the distance nor the inverse of the distance from their source. They seemed to stretch out in a progressive shock-shell to great distances without any apparent loss.

MAGNETIC ARCS

Nikola Tesla now required greater power levels than those provided by his mechanical rotary switch system. He also saw the need for controlling ultra-rapid current interruptions of high repetition (“succession”) rates. No mechanical switch could perform in this manner. He had to envision and devise some new means by which ultra-rapid interruptions could be obtained. In his best and most efficient system, highly charged capacitors were allowed to impulsively discharge across special heavy duty magnetic arcs.

The magnetic arc gap was capable of handling the large currents required by Tesla. In achieving powerful, sudden impulses of one polarity, these were the most durable. Horn shaped electrodes were positioned with a powerful permanent magnetic field. Placed at right angles to the arc itself, the currents which suddenly formed in this magnetic space were accelerated along the horns until they were extinguished. Rapidly extinguished!

Arcs were thus completely extinguished within a specified time increment Tesla configured the circuit parameters so as to prevent capacitor alternations from occurring through the arc space. Each arc discharge represented a pure unidirectional impulse of very great power. No “contaminating current reversals” were possible or permissible.

Reversals.. alternations.. would ruin the “shock broadcast”. The effect was never observed when alternating currents were engaged. High voltage was supplied by a large dynamo. Tesla could speed or slow this dynamo with a hand operated rheostat. Power was applied in parallel across the capacitor. The magnetic arc was linked almost directly to one side of this capacitor, a long and thick copper strap connecting the magnetic arc and the far capacitor plate.

This simple asymmetric positioning of the magnetic arc discharger to one side of the dynamo supply produced pure unidirectional electropositive or electronegative impulses as desired. Tesla designed this very simple and powerfully effective automatic switching system for achieving ultra-rapid impulses of a single polarity. Capacitor values, arc distances, magnetic fields and dynamo voltages were all balanced and adjusted to yield a repetitive train of ultrashort singular impulses without “flyback” effects.

The system is not really well understood by engineers, the exceptional activities of the arc plasma introducing numerous additional features to the overall system. While the effects which Tesla claimed can be reproduced with electron tube impulse circuitry, these produce decidedly inferior effects. The overall power of the basic arc discharge is difficult to equal. Tesla eventually enclosed the magnetic arc, immersing the gap space in mineral oil. This blocked premature arcing, while very greatly increasing the system output.

Most imagine that the Tesla impulse system is merely a “very high frequency alternator”. This is a completely erroneous notion, resulting in effects which can never equal those to which Tesla referred. The magnetic discharge device was a true stroke of genius. It rapidly extinguishes capacitor charge in a single disruptive blast. This rapid current rise and decline formed an impulse of extraordinary power. Tesla called this form of automatic arc switching a “disruptive discharge” circuit, distinguishing it from numerous other kinds of arc discharge systems. It is very simply a means for interrupting a high voltage direct current without allowing any backward current alternations. When these conditions are satisfied, the Tesla Effect is then observed.

The asymmetrical positioning of the capacitor and the magnetic arc determines the polarity of the impulse train. If the magnetic arc device is placed near the positive charging side, then the strap is charged negative and the resultant current discharge is decidedly negative.

Tesla approached the testing of his more powerful systems with certain fear. Each step of the testing process was necessarily a dangerous one. But he discovered that when the discharges exceeded ten thousand per second, the painful shock effect was absent. Nerves of the body were obviously incapable of registering the separate impulses. But this insensitivity could lead to a most seductive death. The deadly aspects of electricity might remain. Tesla was therefore all the more wary of the experiments.

He noticed that, though the pain field was gone, the familiar pressure effect remained. In its place came a defined and penetrating heat. Tesla was well aware that such heat could signal internal electrocution. He had already made a thorough study of these processes, recognizing that such heating precedes the formation of electrical arcs through the body. Nevertheless, he applied power to the dynamo in small but steady intervals.

Each increase brought increase in the internal heating effects. He remained poised at each power level, sensing and scoping his own physiology for danger signs. He continued raising the power level until the magnetic arc reached its full buzzing roar. Tesla found that this heat could be adjusted and, when not extreme, was completely enjoyable. So soothing, relaxing, and comfortable was this manifestation that Tesla daily exposed himself to the energies. An electrical “sauna”.

He later reported these findings in medical journals, freely offering the discovery to the medical world for its therapeutic benefits. Tesla was a notorious user of all such therapies from this time on, often falling into a deep sleep in the warm and penetrating influences. Once, having overindulged the electro-sauna therapy, he fell into a profoundly deep sleep from which he emerged a day later! He reported that this experience was not unpleasant, but realized that proper “electro-dosages” would necessarily have to be determined by medical personnel.

During this time, Tesla found shorter impulse lengths where the heating effect disappeared altogether, rendering the radiance absolutely harmless. These impulse trains were so very high that the deepest nerves of one’s body could not sense the permeating radiant energy field. Now he could pursue his vision of broadcast energy systems without fear of rendering to humanity a technological curse, rather than a true blessing.

IN June of 1997 Bolinas radio station KPH went silent after ninety-four years of service to the maritime industry. KPH was started in 1903 as PH (Palace Hotel) in San Francisco by famous radio experimenter and pioneer Lee DeForest. PH became a successful wireless station and was later absorbed by the American Marconi Co., as were many other stations and wireless patents. By 1913 Marconi had personally selected a new station site thirteen miles north of San Francisco, near the fishing and lumber town of Bolinas. Bolinas was and still is a geo-physical radio anomaly of exceptional power, a fact recognized by the native Miwok Indians centuries before Marconi’s arrival. It was at this new site near Bolinas that Marconi engaged in a major engineering effort – the construction of his new wireless facility, at that time one of the world’s largest.

American Marconi employed the J.C. White Engineering Co. to construct the powerhouse and related facilities. General Electric, through the efforts of Charles Steinmetz and Ernst Alexanderson, designed and constructed the wireless appliances. A pair of systems were employed by American Marconi, one was the disruptive discharge/oscillation transformer system of Nikola Tesla, the other was the alternator/multiple tuned antenna system of Ernst Alexanderson. Both systems involved transmission into the earth, which necessitated the planting of large bronze plates in the ocean, as well as many miles of wire in the soil surrounding the powerhouse. These are still present to this day, rendering powerful radionic influence to this site. The Tesla system operated at a power level of 300 kilowatts and the Alexanderson system 200 kilowatts, the alternators running at 18 kilocycles per second. This facility represented the leading edge of science and philosophy at that time, and Marconi had brought the wireless principles of Tesla and Steinmetz together in what was now called KPH. Marconi also brought electricity to the town of Bolinas.

At the height of this endeavor, Ernst Alexanderson proclaimed at an engineering convention that wireless will “forever free mankind from political slavery.” Little did he realize that decades later Bolinas would serve as an institute for the perpetuation of political slavery.

In 1919, upon completion of this grand facility, KPH Bolinas, it was seized from American Marconi by the U.S. Navy. In 1920 KPH, along with related facilities on the East Coast, as well as scientist Alexanderson, were turned over to the newly formed Radio Corporation of America (RCA), under the rule of David Sarnoff. Shortly thereafter the wireless equipment, with the exception of the 18 kc alternators, was smashed up and dumped over the ocean cliffs. By 1920 General Electric began the development of the water-cooled pliotron oscillator as the source of high frequency electric currents. The pliotron was a refined version of the DeForest thermionic triode vacuum tube. The pliotron oscillator was much more manageable than previous oscillators, the noise of which could be heard in the town of Bolinas two miles distant. Pliotrons were silent. Along with the usual bent L aerials, Alexanderson developed new structures known today as colinear-broadside arrays. These arrays remained the principal KPH antennas for the rest of its history.

By 1924, new facilities were completed to accommodate the growing capabilities of KPH. Building “2″ was constructed for new transmission equipment and Building “9″ was constructed as the power substation control. A parking garage was also erected. General Electric developed new transmitters utilizing the now standard master oscillator-power amplifier configuration. Water-cooled pliotrons called “207′s” served as the power amplifiers. The oscillations were derived from a plate cut from a quartz crystal, and then amplified to high power levels through successive intermediate stages using the just developed 860 and 861 tetrode vacuum tubes. These systems were called the “B” sets, operating in the megacycle range with a power output of 20 kilowatts. The Alexanderson infinite propagation velocity principle, used in his 18 kilocycle array, was again applied in a new design for megacycle operation. These were called the Type “A” projectors and had the appearance of fish bones. The “A” was a vertical electro-magnetic broadside array that transferred no electric induction into the ground. Here was the birth of electro-magnetic radio, the radio of today.

At the end of the 1920′s and into the 1930′s, General Electric developed larger versions of the “B” sets and the “C” sets that followed them. These operated at power levels of 40 kilowatts and began the utilization of crude amplitude modulation. They were called the Type “D” and “E” sets. RCA scientists, Beverage, Carter, and Hansell, developed the electro-magnetic wave antenna. These antennas worked on the traveling wave principle. Large self supporting towers were erected to hold the long wires hundreds of feet in the air. These antennas were called the Type “B” and “C” projectors. Out of these came the Type “D”, now known as the rhombic array. The rhombic has remained a principal HF antenna to this day.

A new station now stood with KPH, it was called KET. KPH served as the original ship-to-shore service of DeForest and Marconi, remaining in the Marconi Building, now called Building” 1″. KET, in the new Building “Z”, served as the point-to-point overseas link to the Orient, replacing the Marconi-Alexanderson 18 kilocycle system. While KET served as the principal call letters for the point-to-point operation, many had to be assigned to cover the vast number of channels the station now offered. The Morse code still used by KPH gave way to the Armstrong Frequency Shift System and Teleprinter Operation for KET.

At this point in history, the sun shone upon this system of communication with disfavor, through the dramatic reduction in solar flux. Lowered solar flux weakens the earth’s ionosphere, thereby diminishing its ability to propagate the launched electro-magnetic waves. While a major setback for HF radio, RCA forced its way through with higher power and larger antennas. The desire to override the competition, in light of the increased crowding of the HF band, forced the use of even higher power. The water could be heard to sing with the Morse code in the pliotron water jackets. Electro-magnetic radio was forever married to the cycles of the sun, undergoing disruption every eleven years. Later, in 1950, RCA scientist Nelson determined that the cycles of the planets also played a major role in radio propagation, requiring the development of radio astrology.

By 1939 RCA had contracted Westinghouse Electric Corporation to design and build the “F” set. This transmitter differed little from the “D” or “E” set of General Electric (GE), but serves as a point of departure from GE’s domination of RCA equipment supply. RCA had already made their own vacuum tubes and condensers for the GE sets, but about this time, began producing complete transmitters. The first RCA designed transmitter for Bolinas was the “S” set. It utilized the new forced air cooled triodes, the 891, and was plate amplitude modulated.

The “S” set was an AM short wave broadcast unit for voice and music, with an output of 20 kilowatts. About the same time, RCA had purchased the “U” sets from the Bunnel Telegraph Company. The “U” sets were more powerful than the “S” sets, but they had a tendency toward instability in the power amplifier. These were high fidelity, amplitude modulated transmitters with an air cooled plate modulator and a large single water-cooled triode, which required an independent distilled water-cooling system.

At this point in history, World War II was under way and the “U” and “S” sets served in propaganda broadcasting to Japan. The station was surrounded by army soldiers to protect against enemy attack. Bolinas had become a primary U.S. radio communications terminal, making it a likely target. The Japanese had already destroyed the RCA station on the Philippine Islands. The U.S. Navy reentered the scene, reenergizing the old 18 kilocycle wireless alternators and erecting a new Alexanderson multiple loaded antenna network. The Navy still needed Marconi’s wireless technology to communicate with its submarines, as RCA’s electro-magnetic radio was incapable of this task. The Navy also utilized RCA transmitters for surface communication, constructing its own Hertzian Dipole antennas for the task. Several signal corps water cooled triode (129B) transmitters were installed in the Marconi Building. With a power out of 10 kilowatts, these became the new KPH transmitters after the war.

When the war ended, so did wireless – for good. Tesla and Steinmetz were long gone, and Marconi was history. DeForest was still alive, but only Farnsworth was still inventing. Then there was Sarnoff, whose RCA had grown to be one of the most powerful corporations on earth, leaving a trail of dead inventors. The Navy left Bolinas, junking the alternators. Another layer of breakage went over the cliffs to be consumed by clay and salt. The 10 kilowatt signal corps units, called the “V” sets, remained, and there they served KPH until its final years.

In the 1950′s the RCA Global Communication Facility in Bolinas underwent a massive expansion. Building Two had become overcrowded with HF transmitting equipment and obsolete antennas. The rhombic antenna exhibited outstanding performance and became the principal antenna for point-to-point radio communication. The collinear-broadside array remained the KPH ship-to-shore antenna.

The obsolete “A”,” B”, and “C” antennas came down, and fifty rhombics went up over the postwar years, occupying three thousand acres of land. A 50 kilowatt, 500 kilocycle transmitter, called BL-10, was installed in the Marconi Building. It used a single, massive, forced air-cooled triode (the 5671), weighing over 100 pounds. A 315 foot broadcasting tower with an aviation beacon lamp was erected as its antenna. A shack was constructed at its base to house the large tuning coils. A new building was constructed to house a new 750 kilowatt, 4 kilovolt power generating set. Driven by a port engine from a Navy L.S.T. landing ship, this set could power the entire town of Bolinas. A large addition was made to Building Two, called 2A. A 2500 kilowatt electrical system was connected to Pacific Gas and Electric (PG& F.) to meet the growing station load – the electric bill was $25,000 a month.

By the mid 1950′s, Marconi and KPH had grown into a massive radio facility. The lights in the town of Bolinas dimmed when the telegraph operator pressed his key. RCA Global Communications handled virtually all radio traffic to the Pacific. RCA installed its new 20 and 40 kilowatt transmitters, called the “K” and “L” sets. The “L” sets were amplitude modulated and the “K” sets were frequency shift keying. These were refined units representing RCA’s finest designs. Some of the control equipment, such as the BA-6A limiting amplifier are still in demand to this day. Broadcasting and teleprinter operations were covered by the “K” and “L” sets.

The 1960′s saw the development of a revolutionary new form of modulation called sideband, a process of amplitude modulation that allowed for greater utilization of power and larger channel capacity. Through the use of voice frequency tone group (VFTG) multiplexing the channel capacity per transmitter expanded from two to sixty-four teleprinters. The Telesignal Corp. 101 and 102 VFTG units were purchased by RCA and installed, RCA changing the name tags to the RCA 901 and 902 to make them look like their own. (This was typical of RCA.) RCA scientist Kahn developed his brilliant envelope elimination and reinsertion (EER) exciters for the AM “L” sets, rendering them powerful sideband units with no need for wasteful linear power amplification.

RCA Global continued to grow in Bolinas with numerous radiophoto, broadcast, teleprinter, and telegraph transmissions. The station load had grown to 1000 kilowatts, and the PG&F Alto Line (Mill Valley) following the Dipsea Trail was no longer able to run Bolinas and RCA at the same time. For some reason PG&E had removed the transformers that it had installed for the young RCA of the 1920′s on the 60 kilovolt Lakeville Line (Petaluma), and routed it to Woodacre for the water department. PG&E had to run a new 12 kilovolt line back to Bolinas to serve the station. Two lines, the Alto and the Woodacre, along with its 750 kilowatt alternator, rendered the station a major power center. More transmitters were installed, new linear sideband units called the “H” sets. Like the “K” and “L” sets they utilized forced air-cooled tetrodes. The power out was 10 kilowatts average and 20 kilowatts peak. All modulation was performed at low power levels, thus there was no plate modulator, making for a very compact unit. Some 40 transmitters were now in operation, and over 60 antennas had risen to full glory. Its communications capacity pushed to the limit the old lead and paper telephone cable, which was put up by Chinese laborers in the 1920′s along what was to become the Pacific Coast Highway.

As the 1960′s came to a close, communication technology began its shift toward satellite systems, where 200,000 teleprinter channels were possible. Rumblings of the closure of KET were in the air. Again the ocean cliffs – two “B” sets, 91313 and 11 BB, went over in large chunks, soon followed by the “S” sets. This time however the clay and salt did not claim another era of Bolinas. A group of young high school science students from the Air Force town of Novato were dragging a piece at a time to their garage laboratories. RCA allowed them to freely enter the station and gather what had not gone over the side. One of these students had reassembled 111313 in his parents two car garage. The next generation of radio development was on its way.

By the early 1970′s, things did not farewell for RCA Global in Bolinas – KET started to disintegrate, David Sarnoff was dead, Marconi became small letters in a history book, and Tesla who? RCA had no head and flailed like a chicken. The old employees that worked the wireless were in their graves. A single channel remained to the island of Papetee. The crew was down to two in the day shift, Jim Bourne and Ivan Neilson, both old men now. The buildings were empty at night, so a cyclone fence was put around to keep out vandals. The Marconi Hotel stood open to vandalism and its records blew away in the wind.

RCA had decided to junk everything in Buildings 2 and 2A, except the “H”,” K”, and “L” sets of postwar design. However, the local RCA administration transferred it to the new adult science students. They leased a 3000 square foot warehouse space in San Francisco, known as Project One. These individuals, as well as local Vice President Jim Hepburn, himself an avid and brilliant radio experimenter, felt that new developments were possible in high frequency radio.

The U.S. Navy again reentered, and, through the Coast Guard, constructed station NMC at the Palo Marin edge of the RCA property. This took over the vital functions abandoned by the dying RCA Global. KPH still remained functional and intact, however, being a different branch of RCA called Radiomarine Corporation of America.By 1975 RCA turned the property over to the National Park Service, a branch of the U.S. Department of the interior, for preservation. RCA leased back what it needed to run the marine operation KPH, the ships did not want satellite communications. At this transition point a group calling itself Commonweal gained access to the site through the trust for public land. Commonweal, a political organization, showed no regard for the history of the station, nor for the efforts of those operating and preserving it. In a period of five weeks, Commonweal had destroyed the entire contents of Building Two and sent all historic notes and records into the dumpster – KET vanished to the winds.

At the onset of the 1980′s, only little of KPH remained. The “V” sets in the Marconi Building sat dead. BL-10 remained the only active transmitter in that building. KPH operation was transferred to the “H”, “K”, and “L” sets in Building 2A. These sets were adapted to telegraph operation, something that they were not designed for. Building 2, gutted of its shop and radio equipment, was sealed off by Commonweal and converted into office space and a party hall. Only one of the science students, who now was a professional radio engineer, remained. He operated a small research laboratory in the Alexanderson room of the Marconi Building, repairing and installing cables for RCA and Commonweal to earn his stay. Eventually he was forced out.

KPH, under the management of Ed Brennen, was allowed to decay rapidly. The aircraft beacon was dark, and rhombics crumbled to the ground. Rigging by unqualified persons caused a major electrical fire that destroyed the 750 kilowatt generator. Radio receivers were thrown from second story windows to assure destruction, despite the mandate to preserve them through science education and study at Sonoma State College.

In the mid 1980′s GE returned, this time not to create, but to destroy what RCA and Commonweal had not. The “V” sets were smashed up by locals and dumped in a creek bed, except for a few scraps saved by a local fisherman. The remaining laboratory equipment vanished. A guardian of the old Marconi Building, the BL-10 remained active, electrocuting the last RCA employee, George Gieser, as ifin an act of retribution. This was the only person to be electrocuted since BL- 10 killed one of the RCA’s first employees in 1920.

KPH limped along under GE. With rigged antennas that often caught fire and transmitters that performed poorly, the station could not be heard by its own customers. A glimmer of hope appeared, however, as the up-and-coming Globe Wireless Co., whichhad grown out of KPH’s competitor, KFS of Half Moon Bay, applied to the Federal Communication Commission to takeover the Bolinas site as it had done with so many other sites around the world. The FCC denied Globe Wireless and instead it was turned over to MCI. MCI threw together a low cost system utilizing cheap 4 kilowatt transmitters made by a ham radio outfit called Henry Radio Co. The crumbling mass of rhombics were heaped into a great pile and four of the original Type “B” towers, which stood since 1938 without a spot of rust, were sold to a foreign country. MCI shabbily erected anew set of colinear broadside arrays. These required debugging by the still present, lone radio engineer and experimenter who, after having his new wireless antennas in town destroyed by Marin County sheriffs, now lived in his car in the antenna field. Perhaps his newly found radio theories could now find commercial application under MCI.

Under MCI, KPH traffic dwindled to nothing. KPH could never get business from American ships due to the lingering hatred of David Samoff, the murderer of wireless. MCI announced impending closure, and the remaining customers bailed to Globe Wireless. Station manager Jack Martini courageously rode his ship to the bottom in the maritime tradition.

Finally as Hong Kong fell to China, KPH died, its frequencies sold to Globe Wireless. BL- 10 was wrecked by vandals and the Marconi Building stripped of its power source. The building deteriorated rapidly under Commonweal stewardship. Marconi’s once great radio facility by in ruins, and one of the earths most significant radio hot spots sits Went with the exception of NMC. I, however, am the lone radio experimenter and am far from silent. The underground wires of Alexanderson are still present, waiting to sprout into a new form of wireless.

At present, in 1997-98, wireless transmission is considered a prehistoric technology, replaced by a vastly superior one of electromagnetic radio. But is radio really superior, or is it a mere shadow of a wider reaching science? When one looks back in history, as recently done by Mr. Vassilatos in his compendia, it is found that early wireless systems not only exhibited significantly less propagation loss and deviation, but also required no batteries or power supply. In fact, it can be seen that some exhibited the properties of energy producing rather than energy consuming systems. Such were those of Nikola Tesla. Is this why KPH and similar stations are forced to close and new laws rendering radio illegal are in the making?

It must be remembered that the first wireless detectors involved mechanical force between coils, the welding together of metal chips, or the heating of fine wires, all of which require the reception of substantial quantities of electric energy. There were no batteries. Modernistic radio requires amplification of millions to render the feeble electro-magnetic waves powerful enough to produce the same result. The amplifier of course requires batteries or some other source of energy. It was found in the early years that direction finding systems utilizing wireless impulses exhibited little or no deviation, whereas those systems utilizing electro-magnetic waves suffered from scatter and propagation disturbances. Wireless impulses obviously travel a more direct path than do the dispersive electromagnetic waves utilized today. It is further found that the emanations from wireless coils and condensers were utilized by medical doctors to abate a variety of diseases, whereas electro-magnetic waves are an acknowledged hazard to health.

It is instructive to examine certain technical distinctions existing between wireless technology and the radio technology of today. It is also instructive to examine the efforts to block the scientific research and experimentation (at locations like KPH Bolinas) required to revive an important technology.

In electric wireless systems there exists a reciprocal relation between the energy of the antenna network in contact with the space and the utility that supplies power to the wireless transformers. Thus the reactance of the antenna network appears as a reactance to the power company, if the wireless system is so adjusted. Therefore, it is theoretically possible for the wireless system to become a supply of electrical energy to the power company without burning fuel. In contrast, the load offered by contemporary radio systems is a pure resistance to direct current, the very archetype of the destruction of electric force – nothing is returned to the power company.

Another distinction is that wireless networks such as the Tesla oscillation transformer, Alexanderson multiple loaded antenna, or the Marconi coaxial antenna, all exhibit frequencies and wavelength of higher order than those of electro-magnetic radio. These factors exist as complex quantities or conjugate pairs. Their propagation involve factors beyond distance and velocity, thus transmission without travel through intervening space. Electro-magnetic radio waves are inexorably tied to the effective velocity of light and the impedance of distance.

Ultimately it must be stated that the distinction between electric wireless and electronic radio is that wireless engineering is a science of the aether and radio engineering is a science of physical matter. Wireless theory considers space to be filled with an all permeating aether, this aether possessing the capacity to store and transfer energy in the form of a pair of conjugate fields of induction. These are called the magnetic field and the dielectric field. An alteration of the field intensity at one location results in an alteration of the field at another location, irrespective of distance. From cosmic forces and not human artifice, wireless networks ultimately are self powering.

In contrast, modernistic electro-magnetic radio theory considers space to be empty and distorted. Propagation is effected by a forced spray of photonic particles, traveling at the aforementioned effective velocity of light. Magnetic and dielectric actions are ignored, and instead the actions of physical particles like electrons serve to store and transfer energy. Distance and velocity are the principal factors, and the continuous consumption of energy is required, supplied by an artifice such as a battery or engine driven generator.

The loss of the aetheric science of wireless and the supplanting of radio can be attributed to a pair of causes, conflict between the various pioneers of wireless and the subjugation of science and philosophy by corporate force. DeForest vs. Fesseden vs. Armstrong vs. Marconi vs. Tesla vs. etc. was the way that wireless developed. Not only did these individuals not completely understand their own discoveries, but a comprehensive science did not exist to unify them. The situation was further compounded by corporate moguls entering the science with capitalistic forces that fueled the conflict, and by institutions that favored dysfunctional theories. Names like Sarnoff, Morgan, and Rockefeller were the principals of this factor, a historicexample will serve to illustrate the condition. Long distance cable telephony was set back many years by the British Royal Society’s firm denial of the dielectric factors involved in the transmission of impulses through the long undersea cables and telegraph impulses were smeared, thus limiting the speed of transmission to slow rates. The brilliant Scottish theoretician Oliver Heaviside demonstrated in his archetypal telegraph equation that the dielectric term RC had to be brought into accord with the magnetic term LG to facilitate the undistorted transmission of electric impulses.

The Physics Institute declared Heaviside a fool and forced the cable business to labor under an unbalanced understanding of the electric forces involved. Later electrical scientist Michael Pupin, a contemporary of Tesla and Marconi, developed a physical realization of the Heaviside Theorem known as the “PupinCoil.” This development was quickly bought up by the young American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). AT&T holding patent rights to the Pupin, or loading coil as it became known, gained absolute control over the long distance telephone business. Oliver Heaviside, who can be given credit for establishing the entire ground work for electrical engineering mathematics, died in poverty and was promptly forgotten. AT&T grew into a company of great wealth and power. If not for the effort of Charles “Proteus” Steinmetz, much of Heaviside’s work may have been forever lost.

The exact same condition exists today with regard to radio and the more generalized wireless, except with a less favorable outcome. As shown by the Heaviside in his electrical equations and further developed by myself in the tradition of Steinmetz, wireless transmission can be shown to involve a conjugate pair of propagations, the electromagnetic and the magneto-dielectric. Electro-magnetism and the adulteration of its theories by Einstein and the like has become the accepted element of the propagation of electric forces. The conjugate magneto—dielectricity, and the brilliant presentation of its dimensionality by Rudolf Steiner and his followers is denied by the corporate cable institutes. But, as with the cable long distance case, electricity plays no favorites, and radio transmission suffers from analogous distortions. The archetype of conjugate pairs exists everywhere, however, and some examples will illustrate.

A very simple analog is the male and female of a given species. The species can only propagate as a conjugate pair, the male being the dielectric and the female the magnetic. Likewise, the branch and root of a plant work together as a conjugate pair, the sunlit branch as the magnetic and the root in darkness as the dielectric. An excellent example in symbolic representation is the final choral movement of G.F. Handel’s Alexanders Feast- “The Power of Music.”

The learned doctors’ physical science will hear none of this heresy, and continues to labor under the delusive mathematics of chaotic uncertainty. Modernistic music serves analogously with its painful screeches and howling, empty of spiritual content. Popular music is reduced to a computer generated sado-masochistic march. This pathological social condition is brilliantly analyzed in the writings of Wilhelm Reich under titles such as The Mass Psychology of Fascism and The Murder of Christ. Needless to say Dr. Reich died in a federal prison. Modernism accepts no criticism.

Galactic Life in a light bulb? Cosmic forms appear in plasma discharges inside glass bulb.
Created by Eric Dollard at the old BSRF Laboratories, Santa Barbara, California, 1988.

A final illustration exists right here at Marconi’s KPH in Bolinas. In a simple laboratory made from so called obsolete radio equipment salvaged from the hammer and axe of the “lehmed” doctor, a remarkable discovery has been made. Through the application of wireless: principles, cosmic superimposition was effected on the work bench Suns and stars in stunning Galactic form burst forth, creating matter and energy on the spot, yet across the bay at Livermore Lab, with billions of kilowatt-hours and dollars no such thing seems possible, but the kilowatt dollars continue to flow. After all, you pay for it.

Article by Aldrich Daimler — from Journal of Borderland Research (Vol. LV, No. 1, Spring 1999)

MANY would argue that Nathan B. Stubblefield’s invention in 1885 of wireless telephony was the real advent of radio, and rightfully so. Academicians of the radio elite would offer that there is a significant difference between that of “underground telephony” and “underground radio”. The signals used in underground telephony are said to travel thru the earth, while in underground radio, a portion of the signal reaches the surface of the earth and is propagated in a more Hertzian fashion. While this may be partly true, the method of propagation is essentially the same – the difference lies with the frequency used. Underground telephony utilizes audio signals – frequencies which are considered to be in the VLF (Very Low Frequency) range. Radio telephony utilizes RF (Radio Frequency) frequencies which are categorized as considerably higher than that of acoustic signals. So, Nathan Stubblefield did invent radio – VLF radio.

Stubblefield’s underground telephony VLF system was very simple. Two metal rods were used for each “telephone set”, and were inserted into the ground several feet apart. Each set was outfitted with a large horn to act as a loudspeaker. A small carbon button microphone transmitted the voice messages thru the earth to the other receiving set. The most interesting thing about the device is that it was powered only by the natural currents of the earth, derived solely from his patented “earth battery.”

There is considerable evidence that Nathan Stubblefield demonstrated his VLF radio system several times, and there are many accounts of public demonstrations. The first documented public demonstration was held in his hometown of Murray, Kentucky in January of 1902. Later that year (March 1902) Stubblefield sent wireless messages from a steamship to stations on the shores of Georgetown. Stubblefield was then to demonstrate the apparatus in Manhattan’s Central Park. Unfortunately, Stubblefield could not find suitable ground conducive to the experiment, and quickly abandoned the demonstration. In all of these demonstrations, Stubblefield never achieved any greater sending distance than one mile. While this may be considered a poor performance for a wireless communications system, one must remember that Stubblefield utilized only the natural power of the earth for these transmissions – his earth battery being the operative power source. Stubblefield later suggested that he was developing a more powerful apparatus using automatic relays in which “distance would be unlimited.” For reasons unknown, Stubblefield would later abandon “earth telephony” in favor of experiments with wireless radio thru the air. Either Stubblefield became disenchanted with the performance of his ground VLF system, or he simply left the idea to the many patent infringers to figure out. It is probable that the latter reason combined with the Central Park failure caused Stubblefield to abandon any further explorations with his underground telephony system.

While we may pick up these experiments where Stubblefield left off, several considerations must be addressed. Most important, of course, being the fact that we do not have all of the information concerning his mysterious earth battery source. Many have tried to recreate Stubblefield’s earth battery from the patent specifications only to be completely disappointed with the output. While it is well known that only proper placement of the earth battery will procure desirable results, no one to date has achieved the power suggested by Stubblefield. But, if we are to conduct our experiments chiefly to observe the characteristics of VLF propagation thru the earth, we may continue.

An obvious choice for power source/transceiver is a pair of matching public address systems. Here, one possesses the ability to greatly vary the input/output of the system. The volume control on most any amplifier suffices. Simply connect the output leads for the speaker connection to the ground rods of one unit, and connect the grounds of the second unit to the microphone input. The units must be DC or battery powered though, as a typical alternating current supply will sufficiently destroy the signal by its introduction of 60 cycle noise and ground feedback loops. Small portable amplifying units such as the PA system can be easily obtained or built for the purpose. One must take care not to perform the experiment with any proximity to conventional power sources as these will interfere with the signals. Special filtering circuits can be designed to rid the units of most noise.

Now, specific attention may be focussed on the placement of the ground rods for the experiment. While geomantic considerations (such as a dowser might use) should be implemented, one must not forget conventional rules of propagation thru a restrictive medium such as the earth. The range of transmission will be determined by many variables, including the homogeneity of the land in terms of direction, moisture content, time of year, terrain, etc. Since the earth becomes a giant sheet resistance, one must adjust the distance between the ground rods accordingly. Generally, the farther apart the rods are, the more distance the signal will travel (conventionally, about 30 to 50 times the rod spacing), so that a distance between the rods of 10 feet will yield a range of 500 feet, and a distance between the rods of 50 feet will yield a range of 2500 feet. Unconventional manifestations of range have been achieved on the order of several miles with proper placement of the rods, and sufficient power outputs.

One of the main drawbacks of this system which Stubblefield encountered was that there could be no privacy in such transmissions, as anyone with a similar receiver could easily eavesdrop on the conversation. Specific encoded modulations could be introduced into the signal to be demodulated and decoded at the receiving end, but this would warrant extensive modification to the present experiment. The significance of the experiment then lies solely on the investigation of the propagation of these VLF currents thru the earth, and to determine whether or not great distances can be achieved at fairly low output levels with the proper placement of the earth terminals.

Diagram

Parts List

Resistors: 1/2 watt
RI, R8 – 4.7k ohms
R4 – 470 ohms
R2 – 100k ohms
R5 – 6.8k ohms
R3 – 10k ohms
R6 – 33k ohms

Capacitors: 15 volt or higher C1, C3 – I mf
C2 – 15 mf, electrolytic
C4, C5 – 5 mf electrolytic
T1 – 6.3 volt filament transformer (used as output transformer)

SW1 – SPST toggle switch
SW2 – 4 pole, 2 position spring lever return switch
81, B2 – 6V lantern batteries, 8 D size batteries
J1, J2 – bannana plugs
Q 1, Q2 – 2N 1191 or 2N650 Q3 – 2N 176 or 2N669

Want to learn more? Check out Ground Radio by Gerry Vassilatos, now available for order through the Borderland Sciences Research Catalog.

Article by Gerry Vassilatos and Michael Theroux — from JBR (Vol. 53, No. 1, 1st Quarter 1997)

THE EXPERIMENTS WHICH WILL HERE BE DESCRIBED ARE NOT IN THEMSELVES DANGEROUS. THERE IS DANGER FOR THOSE WHO DO NOT TAKE ORDINARY PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING AC POWERED RADIOS.

ANY WORK PERFORMED ON SUCH RADIOS DEMANDS DISCONNECTION FROM THE MAINS DURING ALL PREPARATORY PHASES OF THESE EXPERIMENTS. NEVER CONNECT WIRES TO ANY RADIO WHICH HAS BEEN LEFT OPERATING. HAZARDOUS SHOCK CAN RESULT. DO NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES PERFORM THESE EXPERIMENTS DURING A STORM! GROUND ANTENNAS ARE DIRECT CONNECTIONS TO EARTH. WE SUGGEST YOU TAKE PRECAUTION BY OBTAINING AN INEXPENSIVE LIGHTNING ARRESTER FROM LOCAL RADIO MARKETS.

THE historical essay on Ground Antennas is only a preliminary bibliography, a foundation upon which to place our empirical confidence. It is through the agency of just such articles and patents that an arcane world model finds its most complete explanation. The inherent wonder of signals detected by ground-connected shortwave receivers is their ability to receive signals with greater strength and clarity than conventional aerials, and to reveal the bioactivity of subterranean propagation. Beyond their use as audio “capture systems”, such shortwave receivers display other more intriguing characteristics which lead our attentions up toward a technology of the sublime. With the shortwave receiver as a radionic tuning instrument, an interface which captures and converts geomantic dynamics into audio signals, we have made several astounding observations.

Recall that when shortwave radio receivers were employed as peculiar detectors of geomantic energy, additional unexpected phenomena began to flood the relevant literature. Close inspection reveals that both “ground radio” and “ground antennas” are the components of Radionic phenomena, and are completely dependent on Radionic principles for their astounding and otherwise anomalous performance. Explorations of the interactions between radio signals and geomantic energies require very simple equipment. Geomantic energy is biodynamic, and actively modifies and augments radio signal carriers. This presentation will focus primarily on the more qualitative aspects obtained through the use of ground-buried aerial designs, although it will certainly follow that stringent quantitative measurements will be both secured and reported.

This basic preliminary experiment with the simplest ground aerial teaches the biological growth characteristic of signals received through the ground. Indeed, the implementation of a simple ground pipe in place of an aerial, also converts the shortwave receiver into a diagnostic tool. We may, by merely sweeping the receiver dial, probe and “view” the biodynamic conditions prevalent in the ground. Despite the great variety of ground aerial designs, we observe a consistent signature of the ground densified biodynamic energies.

EXPERIMENT WITH A COPPER GROUND PIPE

(G. Vassilatos)

Please observe the precautionary notes placed at the beginning of this article! When you have, try a simple experiment for yourself. Obtain a short (2 feet) section of copper pipe from any hardware store. Make a small cut into the top of this with a hacksaw. The cut is made so that you may twist into it a secure wire lead. Although the placement of the pipe is most important for many radionic experiments, you will not be required to select the most potent spot. While there are those whose qualitative sensitivities permit such a direct location of highly “active” ground locations, there are more quantitative methods to assist in this necessary survey. If you wish to conduct your experiments outdoors, you will need appropriate portable radios and the like. In this case, you will more readily discover the phenomena which we will mention. Plants are great indicators for determining the right placement of ground antennas and earth batteries — as they are also great indicators of subsurface mineral content.

If you wish to establish the very best point, find a place where dark green vegetation thrives. Empirical explorations will serve you best. While desertified plots of earth generally reveal the absence of easily accessible ground currents, you will discover an amazing phenomenon in such a location. Wait until the ground is soft. I usually wait until after a good rainfall before driving my experimental antennas down, having selected a very verdant garden strip just below my office window. You will need an available window, if you wish to maintain the arrangement with the radio indoors. Wire will be run from your receiver to the ground antenna, so it is imperative that your window coincide with the ground point which you have selected.

Wear gloves when performing this portion of the experiment. Using a small sledge, carefully drive in a 2 foot long copper pipe. The pipe you choose can be much longer according to your local needs. I left a 4 inch section above ground for the hookup. Obtain a sufficient length of coaxial cable (RG 58 works fine) to establish a lead between the pipe and your radio receiver. If long enough, an old straight electric guitar cable will do. I clipped off both phono-plugs and used the center conductor for my experiments. Neatly trim away the outer shielding with rubber tape. First connect the center lead directly to the “aerial” terminal of your receiver. If your receiver has only an external antenna, connect the ground lead directly to this antenna. Now carefully drop this wire from your window to the ground antenna. Close the window to hold the line, and go outside to establish your connection.

OBSERVATION 1

The line will instantly be flooded with ground currents, very high potentials which will not cause “shock”, but which may over-excite your system. Take care not to handle these lines for too long a time without rubber gloves. The line from ground may appear “dead” to all appearance, but it is a source of powerful vitalistic effects which can cause fatigue and other congestive sensations. Once attached to your receiver, leave the wire alone. The ground currents may be applied to any kind of receiver. I successfully received television signals with a ground antenna, obtaining surprisingly clarified signals on most of the shorter wave channels (7 through UHF) without any other aerial. Ground antennas are very useful for those who live in mountain-bound locations, where television reception is distorted or even absent.

I first connected the lead wire from ground to a small shortwave receiver, a Hammerlund 38-S, which was acquired at an amateur radio sale. The simple ground pipe brought in a surprising wealth of very strong signals. When you first hear these signals for yourself, you must take time to realize that the original radio theory “prohibited” all such possibility. Straight connection to ground was theoretically considered an impossibility, being the “neutralization” of signals received through the aerial wave route. It was precisely because of these observations that the original theoretical model, which spoke only of “radio skywaves”, was first modified to accommodate the obvious ground wave activity. Once dogmatically fixed, radio theory required continual “a posteriori” modifications: modifications from the empirical world. Now you will begin to observe and appreciate numerous empirical effects which are yet considered “impossible”. With your small system, you will literally peer into the subterranean world, where bioactivities are in persistent dynamic exchange.

OBSERVATION 2

The first such effect has to do with the “response” characteristics of ground currents. Tune to one of your stronger stations. While listening, momentarily disconnect the ground wire. Notice the sudden drop in volume and signal integrity. How long did this volume diminution occur? Now reconnect the lead, while paying close attention to the sound quality over time. How long did the signal require in order to reach its original volume? I have repeatedly observed that the disconnection volume drop is rather instantaneous. But the reconnection volume requires a much longer time, some 40 seconds in certain cases. The slow restoration effect sometimes occurs in a discontinuous fashion, first rising slowly (20 seconds), and then very suddenly (3 seconds). The volume increase in this manner can be both unexpected and surprising, often reaching volume levels which actually exceed their original states.

You will find that every local change in proximity to the circuitry of your simple system will provoke the “restoration response”. Signals seem to lag each change which has been applied to the system. The adjustment of the ground antenna will provoke the response, a slow rise in volume occurring perhaps in 35 seconds after an adjustment has been made. As with the response of living things, the ground receiving receiver behaves as a quasi-biological entity; a poignant and astonishing glimpse of Biodynamic behavior. Bio-organisms do not behave in the manner of digital switches. But once signals have been impacted by any electrical expression, ground received signals will execute an exaggerated restoration. This exaggerated response will be observed with every local electrical disturbance. The mere activation of an appliance or lamp will evoke the rapid diminution of any signal. But the restoration phase can gradually increase in volume until it overwhelms the listener, reaching excessive volumes. This response is more than “withdrawal and restoration”. Its effects can persist long after the impact has occurred. Proper placement of the ground antenna absolutely determines this magnification effect, an observation made throughout the last Century.

Provided the ground “antenna” has been accurately placed in an “active spot”, the effect most notably occurs with any electrostatic discharge. The first response is for the signal to “shrink”, or “withdraw”. The ground signal gradually reemerges in strength, but continues expanding beyond its normal volume, “flaring” into distorted brilliance before settling down to its normal volume. This amplification effect is not to be confused with the commonly observed shortwave “fading” effect, and is the direct result of disturbances which have occurred in proximity to the system. These brilliant audio “flares” can persist for upward of ten seconds after the disturbance has passed, followed by a very gradual decrease in volume to the original signal strength. The flaring response was artificially arranged and used in a great number of post-Victorian devices.

This biodynamic response was used to magnify vital energies, and was evoked by Turn of the Century systems through the use of pulsed electrical disturbances. The highly intensified quasi-electrical potentials, subsequently obtained, were used to cure illness and light lamps. In other appropriate instruments, such resultant currents were used to fulfill a variety of other experimental functions. With the requisite proper location of the ground terminal, the effect was deliberately applied to the ground currents themselves (Tesla) and to human patients (Abrams). While the results were often spectacular to the senses, the latent effects were seldom addressed.

We concur with those select Radionists, who condemned the electrostimulation of ground and vital currents as an inferior methodology. Such methods may provide intriguing solutions to the need for electrical power, but as that is a degenerate technology in its own right, we have sought other means by which to fulfill the utilitarian needs of humanity. The electrostimulation methods provoke natural rage on an unappreciated scale, with effects not recognized by all but the most astute observers. It is a means of which we also highly disapprove. There are indeed better and more naturally acceptable means by which to evoke the growth and magnification response in ground currents. One may romance the favors of Nature without the methods which deliberately enrage her furious wrath.

OBSERVATION 3

There are other effects one notices, especially when tuning faint stations with ground antennas. It seems that tuned stations actually become stronger in the act of being heard, a bizarre effect requiring fine order readjustments. Indeed, continued reception of faint stations evidence definite auto-magnification effects. Obtained only through the use of analogue (variable capacity) tuning systems, the tuning process seemingly magnifies the strength of any faintly received signal. One may thus begin with a signal “granule”, and end with a booming volume. Such entuned signal growth only occurs with continued attentive reception, a remarkable phenomenon in which receivers literally draw and automagnify signals on demand of the listening site. This strange connective “supply-response” function does not occur without human agency however. In absence of the human “recipient”, no such amplification occurs, a curiosity which will find numerous skeptics and critics. But try the experiment for yourself.

Tune a weak station and leave the room. The signal fades away. Walk in again and quickly tune the signal. Walk away once more. The signal fades. Once more, tune the signal and walk back from the receiver. With very minor waverings, the signal strength will remain unchanged…until you walk directly before the receiver. Stay this time. Tune the signal and wait. You will literally hear the signal gradually rising in volume. The faint signal will gradually, almost perceptibly, grow in strength for you as you remain in the room. Now tune the signal carefully, rocking the dial to the left or right of center. Each readjustment raises the signal strength, until the volume is strong. Periodic minor adjustments will reveal a remarkable volume magnification, one which can reach enormous and fixed volume levels. This observation takes time and patience. With such patience, one can thus literally obtain a “signal bonfire” from a “signal spark”. We have observed a signal increase while attentions are being focused on the signal, with a subsequent complete fade back to faintness after the recipients have been removed.

Why can you tune such a weak station, periodically making “fine adjustments”, and obtain a signal magnification? Tuning a weak signal through a ground antenna, and then observing the manner in which that signal actually “grows” in strength for a human recipient, is a demonstration of radionic significance. The same has been observed when radionic currents are selected through tuning instruments, and allowed to stimulate a biomonitored plant. The results are always the same, plant responses indicating the gradual increase of radionic current strength. Unlike aerial currents, ground signals are more intensely radionic in nature. They actively seek to infuse appropriate bio-organismic “capacities”. Ground currents enter the receiver and are there entuned. The receiving circuit projects an infusive and thready auric radiance which floods the listening space until its natural saturation has been reached.

Those who are in the listening space add an additional absorptivity, a capacity to allow a continued projection of auric emanations. This continued projectivity into proximal recipients produces several characteristic attributes. Recipients who possess an innate desire, an emotional response for the signals, produce sudden surges in the reception strength. When attention is strongly focused on some faint signal, then it will grow. The ground emerging signals will therefore intensify for you and those with you in a room, pouring into the listening space and being thus articulated among human “capacities”. As radio signals are loaded with the articulation of human attention, the signal will grow more rapidly. It has recently been observed that the very same signal, when later left unattended, will fade back into the crashing background. Desirous attempts made to relocate and raise the same signal are not unsuccessful. The absence of appropriate numbers in the human recipients will modify the rapidity of signal growth. The humanly guided tuning process which engages such signals actually entunes the recipients in a radionic manner.

The refinement and entunement of such signals are very obviously a radionic phenomenon of the deepest significance. Entuned magnification effects are therefore radionic entunement effects, the magnification of human articulations by human recipients. Neither electrical nor radio currents possess the articulate nature capable of exhibiting such a detailed biodynamic function. We have previously demonstrated this phenomenon with biomonitored plants, an effect which experimenters may easily reproduce. The implications of this strange effect are enormous for the theoretician. They compel the examination of every notion of radio signal causality. The only researcher who has treated this effect is Eric Dollard, whose excellent work describes “energy reciprocation” between Tesla impulse transmitters and receivers.

The fact that signals may be drawn from ground on human demand, and automagnified by human presence, should provoke heated debate. How can one explain the veritable control of a distant transmitter by a small receiver? In a biodynamic sense, we are not required to address distant transmitters, since ground currents automagnify with regularity. The additional energy which feeds radionically entuned and capacity-demanded ground signals is sourced within the great subterranean depths.

OBSERVATION 4

You will notice that, soon after you have first introduced the pipe into the ground, your first received stations will begin to “grow” in strength. This effect will continue for days, growing in increments of strength and clarity. Fixed volumes begin to reach levelled states in 2 or 3 days, a growth process uncommon with aerial signals. But beyond the signal growth of the strong stations, one begins observing the gradual increase in station numbers with time. Your initially strong stations, those which grew in the course of 3 days, will now become interspersed by a great population of faint signals. This “background” population will then increase in magnitude and clarity until your sweep dial is filled with an immense “crackling”. By day 4 or 5 with this arrangement, my sweep dial was literally covered with the continual “crackle” of new signals.

Sweeping the dial will thus continually bring in tiny signal “granules” between the stronger signals, those which normally mask these almost imperceptible stations. The gradual appearance of new stations, and the gradual “arrival” of a great many minor signals, begins manifesting with time. The buried pipe becomes a “receptive site”, into which the upwelling currents actively pour. These effects were rediscovered when buried metals began producing their characteristic “tone signatures”. A singularly fascinating study, we found that each buried metal literally became “saturated” with ground currents. This saturation process also required a gradual period of time (Earth Tones audio tape, BSRF).

Because of the slow growth process, where stations grow in both strength and number with time, one must eventually secure a larger “capacity” receiver. One learns that shortwave radionic applications need specific and well designed receivers — of the vacuum tube type or germanium transistor variety. Many of the newer digital models are insufficient. Through a gradual familiarity with numerous models, each experimenter will settle upon the use of one or two particular favorites. Mr. William Lehr rebuilt a Zenith Trans-Oceanic for me. It is a receiver which I cherish, not only because of its wonderful “warm” tone and excellent operation with the ground antenna, but because he rebuilt it for me personally. The popular set is equipped with small screw terminals, one for the normal onboard telescoping antenna, and the other for a ground wire. I disengaged the onboard telescoping antenna, connecting its internal lead wire instead to the ground screw. The ground antenna was then connected to the aerial screw.

In this reversal, the receiver recognizes the ground antenna as the “aerial”, while the collapsible onboard antenna is recognized as the “ground”. This “inversion” of radio inputs more effectively works the shortwave capacity in absorbing ground emerging signals, the collapsible aerial becoming a miniature “counterpoise” ground. A great many separate phenomena are noted with this arrangement, one pioneered by Nikola Tesla and (most recently) explored in greatest depth by Mr. Eric Dollard. Touching the telescoping “ground” causes the complete eradication of signal strengths across the dial, the withdrawal of this touch causing the characteristic slow return to original volume. One discovers now the necessity of adjusting the telescopic “ground” with each tuned station, a means by which increased “room capacity” is achieved. The telescopic “ground” facilitates an increased connectivity within the volume of space surrounding the receiver.

OBSERVATION 5

With persistent saturation, your ground pipe antenna will continue producing a surprising proliferation of signals. In this growing manner, signals kept appearing from greater and greater distances. Understand that the reception of foreign signals through the ground matrix is completely different from that which presupposes the downward “skybeaming” of signals. With ground reception there is no “skipping”. Ground reception is the result of direct contact conduction. Signals have to travel from their sources to you…in straight lines! You may therefore understand that the most weak and distant stations, those innumerable transmitters which lie in the “geography between” yourself and certain strong foreign stations, will begin to make their appearance. A slow growth period will prove this effect to you.

But the loss of signal population, when the pipe is retracted for a few minutes, cannot be comprehended unless we further examine the “signal accretion” phenomenon. The acquisition of new stations into a ground antenna occurs throughout the day, regardless of the weather or time. The Radionists who studied these phenomena recognized that ground emerging signals actively seek out both ground-proximal metals as well as those which are actually buried. Ground currents can rise to the surface when metal probes are simply aimed toward the ground. It has been observed that the mere positioning of a blunt-ended cable over ground is sufficient to cause an upward flow of ground currents, a reception of signals being obtained (Theroux).

The process is one by which ground currents literally “attach” themselves to the downward pointing conductor, entwining and fixating themselves through time. If this is true for conductors which merely point into earth, the same is especially true of metalloforms which have been buried. The upwelling emergence of ground currents is the result of the pipe itself, a response to a metal body which has been buried near the surface. The ground antenna behaves as a very definitive metallic “attractor”. Driven down into a few feet of earth, metal structures literally attract ground currents from their deeply consigned pathways upward. The process of attraction and accretion requires time. This explains why signal strengths begin to grow when buried terminals are first buried, continuing until the pipe and receiver have reached their capacity to absorb.

The withdrawal of signals, after the pipe has been momentarily disturbed, is problematic from every electrical point of view. What principle can be cited in explanation of this remarkable signal disappearing act? What causes the signals to “shrink away” from the ground terminal when its growing potential has been disturbed for a few moments of inspection? This “disengagement phenomenon”, the striking disappearance of signals, compels the recognition of an “irritability” factor when dealing with ground currents. Irritability is a biological characteristic not present in electrical currents. What have these signals to do with biological activities? Wishing to address those skeptics who cannot accept this energetic growth characteristic in grounded terminals, I pulled up the pipe to better inspect its surface. Fully expecting to find the metal “pitted” in thousands of tiny corrosion points”, the probable points in which the innumerable signals appeared, I was not a small bit shocked to find the pipe in excellent condition. There was not a bit of visible corrosion, certainly no pitting or scarring in the otherwise brilliant sheen which it had when I pounded it down into the earth. But the mystery did not stop there.

I placed the pipe back into a new location, adjacent to its original ground chamber. Thus driven down to the exact depth as it had been before, I went inside to listen once again. All but the strongest signals had disappeared. Obviously, the multiplication of signals is not the result of corrosion, not the result of continued ground “electrolysis”. While “pitting” the pipe exterior with innumerable exposures will increase the effective conductive surface of any pipe to an amazing degree, such corrosion will play little part in the actual increase of signal receptivity. In fact, neither ground antennas nor earth batteries corrode; a perplexing fact which we have rediscovered long after Nathan Stubblefield made its first mentioned.

OBSERVATION 6

Deep fades are never heard with ground antennas, but one does observe sudden “sweeps” which indicate strange and instantaneous ground disturbances. These do not disturb station reception, certainly not distorting or destabilizing the actual signals being received. Using ground antennas, only a very slow wavering is sometimes observed. These exceedingly slow waverings occur with no clock-like regularity, suggesting that true biological pulsations are being observed. Such exhibitions were once referred to me by Dan Winter as the deep earth “tides”, meaning by this that the biodynamic currents clearly engage in native pulsations. Since we have never glimpsed those currents of enormous vital potential, those “dragons” which normally reside deep in the heart of earth. These currents are definitely modified by influences in outer space, rising toward the surface during certain seasons, and diving back down to their mysterious haunts once again.

During sun-transitional hours, ground received SW signals do not appear to be “geodesically” selected. In other words, one does not receive a complete “global sweep” of signals, from nation to nation. The “sweep” may display continuity across a large region of ground, a cluster of neighboring nations being heard in sequence, but each region is not received with continuity. One discovers that whole regions of the earth suddenly emerge from the SW background and literally predominate the reception field.

Selectivity of signals through the ground occurs as if whole regions of the world have been “switched” on and off — independent of station schedules. Directly and most strongly related to lunar phase, one observes the sudden emergence of whole regional group signals which take preeminence over all others. One can tell the portion of a lunar month by these strange regional “fluorescences”, an amazingly repetitive pattern. In Staten Island, ground radio signals follow a mysterious pattern of arrivals. Modulated by the moon, signals from Canada (New), Northern Europe (First Quarter), South America (Full), the Mediterranean (Last Quarter) will predominate across the available broadcast bands.

EXPERIMENT WITH the “Subantenna” coil

(M. Theroux)

The “Subantenna” coil will require a bit more work on the part of the experimenter to construct, but is a worthy undertaking as we can see from the ad that this design was a commercial success. It has also proven itself over and above simple grounded rods, to be a highly sensitive receiver when properly placed in the ground. Its construction is actually quite simple. You will need roughly 30 feet of RG 58 coaxial cable, one roll of black electrical tape, one alligator clip, a pair of scissors, and a pair of wire strippers. The “Subantenna” coil, when finished will be about 4-5 inches tall and 6 inches in diameter. Start by cutting the wire into two sections — one 16 feet long for the coil — the remaining 14 feet will be used for connection to your radio. Begin winding the first turn of the coil (using the 16 ft. section) so that it is exactly 6 inches in diameter. No coil form is necessary with this method — as you add each successive turn, you will be taping the turns together in three evenly separated places. Add another turn and tape. By the time you are finished, you will have about ten full turns. Cover the bottom bare end of the coax wire with tape. You should have about 6 inches of free wire at the top of your coil. Strip away about 1 inch from this end exposing the middle conductor wire. This solid wire is the “connection point” for the lead wire to your external antenna jack on your shortwave or AM radio. Cut away the excess shielding so that it is flush with the insulation. You are now ready to bury the “Subantenna” coil. Choose a spot of soft ground free from hazard, and bury the coil (be sure your “connection point” is sticking above ground or you’ll be digging it up again). Fasten the alligator clip to one end of the remaining 14 ft. piece of coax, clipping this onto the exposed middle conductor of the coil. You can now run this wire to your radio, fastening it to the external antenna terminal. If there is a specific jack for the external antenna, you may need to match it with the proper plug.

Observations

Initially, one will notice a substantial increase in reception. The most intriguing aspect of the Subantenna, or any grounded aerial, is its ability to cause signals to grow in intensity over a period of a time. After a few days one will be able to hear signals with increased clarity and depth. One of the most important features of this ground antenna is its static free reception. You will note that the conductor in the coil is insulated from the actual earth itself — conductivity plays no role in the function of this design. While the Subantenna coil filters static and brings in signals with extreme distinctness, there are drawbacks. One may notice after the coil has had sufficient time to become saturated with ground currents, reception of signals becomes so powerful that stations normally considered far enough apart, will “bleed over” onto one another. I have experienced five distinct stations hundreds of miles apart, pouring through the radio on one frequency at the same time. This can be a problem with weaker local stations being absorbed by more powerful distant stations, but generally the 50,000 watt AM stations ring through clearly. Only on given nights does this bleed over occur.

The warmth, clarity, response, and strength of such grounded radio systems are testimony enough. Coupled with the empirical reports and logs previously mentioned, plenty of proof is provided that, in many instances (especially concerning eidetic content), ground radio is a superior form of reception over Hertzian receivers. Curiously enough, we have seen many return to their antennas after having experienced radio through the ground. While no explanation is given, we assume they may need to hold on to the belief that radio only flies on waves through the air — all the while listening to the crackle, hiss, and fade of their favorite station.

HISTORICALLY, the alleged reception of signals of an extraterrestrial origin dates back to the very beginnings of radio. In fact, we find that the recent history of the investigation into interstellar communications is almost completely restricted to the science of radio astronomy — a technology which is quite limited due to the necessity of obeying the confines of the electromagnetic spectrum. Early in his career, Dr. L. George Lawrence recognized this limitation, and sought to overcome it by introducing a means of communication which was not bound by conventional electromagnetic laws. “Biological” or “Biodynamic” communication, as Lawrence called it, found its medium completely outside of the electromagnetic spectrum, and therefore solved many of the problems facing the prevailing radio-astronomical methodology of interstellar communication. To comprehend the complexity of these problems, we must briefly detail the historical background of conventional interstellar communications (hereinafter referred to as ICOMM).

Radio Astronomy and the Birth of ICOMM

Both Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi would be remembered for their early pronouncements of receiving “alien” signals (see “Communicating with Mars”), but it wasn’t until 1930 that the birth of radio astronomy and the consequent reception of radio signals of galactic origin heralded the beginnings of ICOMM. Karl Jansky, an American radio engineer, was the first to pinpoint signals originating from the center of the galaxy in the 30s. Shortly after World War II and the development of RADAR, the military began frequently intercepting radio signals originating from outer space. With this development, the first large radio telescopes would be employed for purely scientific purposes.

The first plan to monitor the stars for signs of intelligent life was conducted by Frank Drake, the then Director of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) at Green Bank, West Virginia in 1960. The project was called “Ozma”, after the imaginary land of Oz, from L. Frank Baum’s Wizard of Oz. The intended targets were Tau Ceti (11.9 light years from earth) and Epsilon Eridani (10.8 light years from earth). After observing for a total time of about 4 weeks in the region of the 21-centemeter hydrogen band, no signals were found. Thus, ended Project Ozma — and to this day — no signals have been found by any standard radio-astronomical methods. Many so-called SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) projects, and several millions of dollars in funding later, have turned up nothing. Even NASA showed interest for awhile, spending $60-70 million since 1971, but in the early 1990s, they dumped SETI and other projects from their budget.

The SETI institute’s latest endeavor, called Project Phoenix, began in February 1995 at the Parkes radio astronomy observatory in New South Wales, Australia. So far, they have managed to bring in more than $7.3 million in private donations for their efforts. State-of-the-art equipment was used to listen to about 200 southern hemisphere stars, scanning 28 million channels simultaneously at single-Hertz resolution using the 64 meter radio telescope. A follow-up telescope located 120 miles away allowed them to distinguish between terrestrial and galactic signals by utilising Doppler shift. But, still no ET. Promising signals have all turned out to be things such as satellites, military radar, and even TV stations. They haven’t given up though, and plan to focus on 900 northern hemisphere stars next.

The Problem with Radio-astronomical ICOMM

The major difficulty with radio-astronomical ICOMM is that at its foundation can lie some very uncreative quantitative assumptions. The basis for the entirety of this research assumes that an extraterrestrial civilisation’s technology is comparable to, and has evolved to a state equal to our own. Without thought, academia casually presupposes that there are many, “…civilisations intelligent enough to build radio transmitters,” and “…several million civilisations matching the Earth’s standard of development.” Quite an egotistical assumption for a culture that admits no solution to the mysteries of their own ancient civilisations!

Because technology on this planet has evolved in a specific direction (in this case toward the quantitative and mechanistic) does not foreordain that any other civilisation’s technological evolution must parallel ours. It is quite possible, and certainly probable that many civilisations of galactic origin may have technologically evolved toward the perceptive and qualitative. These may be the standards by which they seek to communicate, and may offer greater success considering the great distances with which ICOMM necessitates.

Language of the Stars

The most difficult obstacle to overcome concerning ICOMM lies with the exchange of information. Since conventional presumption is so anthropomorphically restrained, the academics insist on using our own cultural and societal development as a guide to choosing the proper cosmic linguistic form. Simple messages, binary call signals, pictograms, and even an artificial schematic language called Lincos have been suggested and even transmitted to the stars. But, even simple language can pose incredible difficulty for scholars wishing to make an interpretation. Earlier advanced cultures on our own planet have left us with innumerable writings which still evade academia’s decryption. Even the late skeptic and mechanist Carl Sagan foresaw this conundrum: “European scholars spent more than a century in entirely erroneous attempts to decode Egyptian hieroglyphics before the discovery of the Rosetta Stone [1799] and the brilliant attack on its translation by Young and Champollion. Some ancient languages, such as the glyphs of Easter Island, the writings of the Mayas, and some varieties of Cretan script, remain completely undecoded at the present time …how can we expect that a civilization vastly more advanced than we, and based on entirely different biological principles, could ever send a message we could understand?”

Dr. L. George Lawrence was clearly aware of these facts before he began his pioneering efforts in biodynamic ICOMM. Dr. Lawrence proposed that certain advanced civilisations would have developed a means of communication utilising purely biological principles. This biological exchange of information has been previously outlined, which also detail Dr. Lawrence’s experiments in biodynamic transfer of information. Dr. Lawrence stated that these galactic cultures may have communicated by a method now lost to our civilisation — biological communication — where the biodynamic energy transfer acts as the carrier, and the patternate content is the modulation. This patternate content is an actual eidoform, or complete eidetic picture. As an alternative to conventional radio reception, biodynamic information appears to be transmitted in a longitudinal point-to-point fashion. One wouldn’t have to wait light years for the reception of a message — it could be nearly instantaneous.

Determining the Method of Transmission

Dr. Lawrence was not without his own assumptions concerning the possible methods of galactic transmission. Of course, we have to begin somewhere, and Dr. Lawrence, being a radio engineer, followed the simple progression entailed in sending and receiving conventional radio communications. This follows the Russian theorist Y.I. Kuznetzov’s outline of the communication process via the concepts of communication, coding, signal, and modulation. Lawrence’s version would be detailed thusly: The communication (Eidetic picture) would be converted into a form suitable for transmission (biodynamic signal), the coding being the method of conversion, and the modulation (patternate content) would be the change in the parameters of the emission serving as the carrier of the (biodynamic) signal. For reception, one would simply reverse this process.

Dr. Lawrence arrived at these conclusions based on his qualitative analysis of the sound emitted from his experimental setup. The modulations he heard displayed a character not unlike other conventional transmissions, which led him to work on their immediate conversion to visual images. At the very heart of Dr. Lawrence’s system was a unique form of biodynamic transducer which enabled him to receive and transmit signals of a biological origin.

Qualitative to Quantitative Analysis: Biosensor Technology and the Biodynamic Transducer

Early in Dr. Lawrence’s career, he began work on a series of transducers of biodynamic energy. In order to utilise quantitative measuring instruments, biodynamic energy would need to be converted or transduced into electrical energy. Initial experiments commenced with simple Wheatstone bridge circuits and plant material as the biosensor. Although the plant material reacted to biodynamic stimuli such as touch, and even directed thought, this was found to be unwieldy as the plant material was possessive of its own consciousness. It could easily become fatigued and stressed, or would simply seem unconcerned when experimental matters were conducted. Dr. Lawrence then began a systematic search of the organic semiconductor library for an answer. He found that a simple mixture of protein complexes, a sort of primeval soup as it were, produced remarkable results. But, the problem of tuning to specific biodynamic energies still existed. One needed to capture individual responses to particular stimuli in order to rule out any possibility of unwanted artifact. This necessitated the addition of special substances to the soup, to be used as what Lawrence termed the “excitation” mixture. These ranged from organo-methylglyoxol compounds to a variety of mineral compositions — each with their individual response characteristics. Now, the qualitative reactions of this biological “soup” could be directly transduced into a quantitative electrical signal via the use of high impedance amplifiers, and when mixed with a local oscillator, produced the desired output signal for analysis.

Project LUCAS

Project LUCAS, named after Dr. L. George Lawrence, was designed with the intention of re-creating these biodynamic interstellar communications experiments. Myself and researcher Michael Elsey journeyed to the High Desert area of the Joshua Tree National Monument for the re-creation. Many months of preparation preceded the actual experiments — the fabrication of biosensors and electronic equipment, laboratory testing, and experiment rehearsal. The project has been largely unfunded, and the total cost of the experimental setup was under $1000.

We began the experiment with a horizon-to-horizon scan of the sky to see if there was any indication of biodynamic signals present. It was immediately discovered that one of the newly constructed pieces of equipment, the actual electronic sensing apparatus, suffered from electromagnetic interference, and had to be removed from the experiment. An older unit was inserted in its place and performed to our expectations with no interference problems. Our initial targets would be two galaxies in the Ursa Major constellation: M81 and M82. These were chosen because of all the searches conducted, Dr. Lawrence had the greatest success there. Our horizon-to-horizon scanning continued slowly to ensure proper functioning of the equipment, and eventually would focus in on the target area. Our first pass at M81 revealed nothing. I was concerned that the older equipment wasn’t sensitive enough and I began turning knobs. Nothing happened. As we settled into the campsite, we decided to leave the telescope and biosensor focussed in on the target area for awhile. I remembered Dr. Lawrence’s notes regarding how several weeks would go by without the detection of any signal, but I was still becoming somewhat discouraged and impatient by the lack of reception of signals, and continued to believe the equipment may be to blame. Suddenly, bursts of modulation poured out of the speakers. I immediately checked the equipment to make sure there wasn’t a malfunction. Everything was in order. The bursts lasted only about ten seconds, and then as if nothing had happened, the equipment returned to the idle state. This would happen one more time the entire evening. Both instances were captured to cassette tape for further analysis.

We feel confident that this project was at least confirmation of Dr. Lawrence’s findings. There is no doubt that some kind of biodynamic signal was received from the direction of the constellation Ursa Major. Ideally, a remote biodynamic station would be set up to monitor this area on a continuing basis so more information could be obtained and analysed. We may return to the problem of interpretation of these signals at a later time, but for now, the reception of biodynamic information from space has once again been verified.

Conclusion

Hopefully, there will be enough interest and time to continue in this experimental direction. The need for better equipment, and constant monitoring are essential to such a project, but without proper funding, may be delayed for several years. Still, we continue experimentation on the transfer of biological information, and are now working toward development of simple practical applications of this technology. Working outside of the electromagnetic spectrum into the domain of biological energies opens up a vast new area of research far exceeding the singular employment of interstellar communications. Technologies which could arise from this pursuit are manifold, and applications such as point-to-point terrestrial or extraterrestrial communications, and portable biodynamic detectors may be a part of the near future.

References

1. Galactic Life Unveiled – The Phenomenon of Biological Communication Between Advanced Life in Space and Its Subliminal Effects on Terrestrial Man, by L. George Lawrence. Borderlands, 1997.
2. “Methods and Receiver for Biological Data Transport,” L. George Lawrence. Abandoned patent, 1981.
3. “Interstellar Communication,” L. George Lawrence, Electronics World, N.Y., 86:4, October, 1971, pp.34-45, ff.
4. “New Worlds Revealed by Living Transducers,” L. George Lawrence, Electrical Review, London, June 2, 1972.
5. “Biological Signals from Outer Space,” L. George Lawrence, Human Dimensions, HD Institute, Buffalo, 2.2, Summer, 1973, pp.16-18.
6. “Cinema 2000: The Quest for Extraterrestrial Video,” L. George Lawrence, Electronics and Technology Today, March/April 1992.
7. “Interstellar Communications Signals,” L. George Lawrence, Ecola Institute Bulletin #72/6A, Reprinted in Borderlands, 1st Qtr., 1996.
8. “Are We Receiving Biological Signals from Outer Space?,” L. George Lawrence, Popular Electronics, April 1991.
9. “The Starland Galactic Transmission Theatre,” L. George Lawrence. Unpublished.
10. “Biological Image Transmission,” L. George Lawrence, 1989. Unpublished.
11. Contact with the Stars, Reinhard Breuer, Oxford, S.F., 1982.
12. “The Galactic Gamble – SETI Researchers Boldly Comb the Cosmos for Stellar Radio Stations,” Michael Mechanic, Popular Communications, March, 1997.
13. Messages From the Stars, Ian Ridpath, Harper & Row, 1978.
14. The Search for Life on Other Worlds, Captain David C. Holmes, USN, Bantam, 1967.
15. Is Anyone Out There?, Jack Stoneley with A.T. Walton, Warner, 1974.
16. Intelligent Life in the Universe, I.S. Shklovskii and Carl Sagan, Delta, 1968.
17. We are Not Alone, Walter Sullivan, McGraw-Hill, 1964.
18. Charge and Field Eftects in Bio-systems, by W.J. Aston, Abacus Press, Turnbridge, UK 1984, pp.491-498.
19. Electrophysiological Methods in Biological Research, by J. Bures, Academic Press, N.Y., 1967.
20. Organic Semiconductors, by F. Gutmann and L.E. Lyons, Wiley, N.Y., 1967.
21. “Biosensors,” by C.R. Lowe, Trends in Biotechnology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2:3, 1984, pp. 59-65.
22. Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications, by A.F.P. Turner, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, UK, 1987.

Article by Gerry Vassilatos — from Journal of Borderland Research (Vol. 53, No. 01, 1st Quarter 1997)

GROUND Radio is a subject which has remained on the periphery of engineering discussions for decades. It has maintained its elusive and mysterious poise because of fundamental anomalies observed when its methods are utilized, anomalies which manifest when signals are both transmitted and received directly through the ground. The inability to adequately address the associated anomalies has produced a remarkable impasse among conventional engineers. Many highly qualified such persons are quite sure that the Ground Radio phenomenon is adequately explained through classic theoretical propagation models. Experimental findings however, have brought to our attention several anomalous features of this form of Radio propagation.

Only an extensive and deliberated exploration of Ground Radio will prove our several discoveries in the art. Rudimentary and inexpensive in requirement, experiments with Ground Radio provide an endless source of anomalies. Experimental investigations of these methods may begin with as little equipment as a shortwave receiver, a copper pipe, and a length of wire. The rest remains in the strangely lost art of interpretation. The accurate interpretation of the findings derived through such experimentation requires familiarity with the pertinent bibliography. We hope that the reader is encouraged to duplicate and surpass these methods, as those who do so will not be without their due reward. The discovery of new and unfamiliar phenomena can be yours… when you take the first step.

TELLURIC CURRENTS

The metaphysical earth currents were both observed and described in great detail by Fr. Athanasius Kircher. His writings preserve an ancient knowledge which concerned itself wholly with the vitality of the earth. The metaphysical telluric currents were known to permeate the world, the energies which mediating vitality. Maps of telluric currents were the prized possessions of geomancers, permitting the knowledge of vitality control on earth. It is said that wars were fought by the selective elimination or exaltation of specific veinworks in the telluric circulatory system. The science of Geomancy thus formed the mysterious historical backdrop against which a wide variety of natural observations were subsequently made.

With time, the experiential appreciation for the metaphysical earth energies was systematically lost. The more qualified scientific observers replaced their sensitive experience of telluric energies with a merely superficial observation of geoelectric currents. This schism has provoked the controversial thesis upon which our present discussion is therefore based. While some will be defiantly confident that experiential telluric energies are resolved into geoelectrical currents, we remain just as adamant in our absolute conviction that the experiential telluric energies precede and define the observed geoelectric patterns. This schism has not, and will never be resolved. So long as there are those who insist on observing the superficialities of natural phenomenon, completely obsessed with the kinematics of otherwise experience-filled phenomena, there will be a scientific conflict.

The filtration of highly selected portions of natural phenomena characterizes contemporary quantitative science. Until the scientific community becomes willing to admit the greater part of their experience, all considerations of natural phenomena will remain for them a blank wall of intensities and numerical values. Ancient Science connected its pursuants with an experience, one gained through direct physiological contact with the telluric currents themselves. It is in the active contact with these ground-derived currents alone that we recognize the true and fundamental continuum in which our world is set, an expansive experience by which we access and learn the ancient arcanum.

The discovery that various signal species could be both transmitted and received directly through grounded terminals, forms the fascinating subject matter of a largely forgotten historical record. In this regards, we find a technical bibliography replete with remarkable instances of early successful experimentation in the art of drawing power and signals directly from the ground. Completely ignoring the fact that a large bibliography of anomalies had been compiled by research predecessors, engineers of the time developed communications systems which relied entirely on electrical currents. As a carrier of code and voice, electricity was “reliable”. But with increasing engineering emphasis on electricity and electrical technology, the subject of geomantic energies was driven into forgetfulness. Thereafter, those who confused geomantic energy with electrostatic effects were the cause of the numerous controversies by which Late Victorian Science is characterized; endless confusions in terms and identifications.

When the subject of long-distance communications was compelled to shift thematic emphasis away from the vitalistic foundations, it lost touch with an energy which did not cease exerting strong influences on the developing electrical technology of the time period. Only a few, now legendary researchers, continued the geomantic tradition. From the very first moment in which ground connections were established in a telegraphic signalling line, inventors and operators of electrical systems noticed anomalous energetic behaviors in the ground. The very first attempts at long distance telegraphy involved the burial of highly insulated double lines (Morse and Vail). Upon first closure of the telegraph key, the signalling components became so thoroughly suffused with charge that the exchange of signals became an impossibility.

In truth, the art of wired and wireless communication began in a reawakened appreciation of geomancy and geomantic energies. This remarkable reminder came about with the replacement of the original 2-wire telegraph line (Reusser, 1794) by the 1-wire method (Aldini, 1803), the latter requiring far less wire and several ground plate terminations. The telegraph stations of Morse used grounded plates, a means by which engineers imagined the “necessary return current…through the ground”. Wired code on a single overhead wire was thus “matched” by an opposed ground return of charge, a condition which fulfilled the prevalent model of electrical closure.

GEOMANTIC INCURSIVES

As none of these researchers actually measured the elusive “ground current”, many engaged an imaginative freeplay in the artistic description of the same. Several patent drawings reveal a curiously geomantic flair, the meandering “return currents” flowing over land and stream to their terminals. Here we find remarkable evidence that these inventors were in fact engaging in a form of geomantic vision, describing an entirely different and more agile energy species than electrical current (Farmer, Ader, Frow). Toward the peak successful operation of telegraph and telephone systems, the proper placement of terminal plates was an absolute requirement. As this art demanded special ability, the first telegraph linesmen used the methods familiar to dowsers. The very placement of ground plates, poles, and junction boxes was, for these linesmen, completely predicated on the strong presence of upwelling energies from the earth. Empirical evidence proved these methods superior to “resistance surveying” in the placement of station plates and other components.

Telegraph lines so constructed were possessed of a noumenous and suffusive quality. Natural geomancers had provided the means. Here was evidence that another energetic stratum was governing the development and limiting the establishment of long-distance electrical communications systems. The subjective experience of linesmen was ample indication that such a mysterious energy stratum was indeed present and active. Thus, the invasive energy demonstrated its ability to enforce certain restrictions on the establishment and operation of Telegraphy and Telephonic systems. The communications technology, which engineers imagined to be completely independent of natural agency, was being subverted by an everpresent geomantic influence.

Besides the obvious geomantic incursions, those which influenced the decisions of workmen and designers, the energetic presence made itself known in several other ways. Power literally appeared “from the ground” in many stations, a condition which Alfred Vail reported (1839). He found it necessary to progressively remove batteries from the first long-distance telegraph line, reporting this remarkable manifestation of energy to his elder partner, Samuel Morse. Lines operated on an energy which exceeded the battery supply, and ground-connective communications systems were especially prone to bizarre energy manifestations.

Hoping to save the finance of excessive wire line, many telegraph systems implemented the discovery that code could easily “pass through water”. To this end, engineers experimented with the use of widely separated groundplates, a means which proved strangely successful. Experiments with ground-conduction established telegraphic contact through an isthmus (Morse, 1842), through streams (Vail, 1843), wide rivers (Lindsay, 1843), canals (Highton, 1852), across a bay (Meucci, 1846), through the earth (Stubblefield, 1872), and between distant islands (Preece, 1880). An accidental discovery proved that one longline system continued operating with great strength of signal, despite the fact that the line had been literally broken in several places. The realization that code signals could actually enter and traverse the ground for several hundred yards, and then reenter a grounded line, triggered a new revolution.

Thereafter, combined wired and wireless links formed the greater portion of telegraph exchanges across the miles of North American countryside. Ground plates launched code signals into predetermined land tracts and waterways, signals being conveyed along specific subterranean routes. Signals passed “into and through the ground” to each next ground plate of a series. When reentering the next groundplate, signals continued through the overhead lines to their appointed destinations. Stations received very strong signals in this method, signals with great clarity and force. Here were the early beginnings of the conduction wireless methods, and relied on the mysterious nature of ground conduction and ground energy for their successful operation.

It was clear to linesmen and operators that the signal energy could not possibly be maintained over such long ground and water conduction paths without amplification. Some external agency was somehow augmenting and modifying the applied signal impulses. The anomalous functioning of these largescale regional signalling systems proved again that the geomantic agency was literally wending its way through the line networks. Not every such line operated in this manner, the geomantic currents selecting very specific paths for its operation. This topographic selectivity hailed attention back to the maps once treasured by geomancers. The augmentation of applied electrical energy was obvious. These specially placed telegraph and telephone lines operated for years without batteries at all. Station operators took this phenomenon for granted. Despite the “long dead and corroded Edison Cells”, telegraph station operators continued the powerful exchange of “fat blue and sparking” signals for decades (Lehr).

Other researchers corroborated the fact that usable amounts of current could actually be derived from the ground, currents whose powerful displays permitted the elimination of battery cups and generators. The failure of all reductive electrical models to satisfactorily address these energetic characteristics became especially evident with the development of the “earth batteries”, an outgrowth of these telegraphic observations (Bain, 1849). These simple material composites, made to be buried in earth, produced currents not explained through electrolytic action. Small buried earth batteries developed sufficient power to charge storage batteries. They were also employed to provide telegraphic (Bryan, Cerpaux, Dieckmann, Jacques, Bear), and later telephonic systems (Stubblefield, Strong, Brown, Tomkins, Lockwood) with uninterrupted operating power. Neither decomposing nor failing with months of buried use, the mysterious earth batteries contain an essential mystery which electrodynamic models cannot adequately explain.

Nathan Stubblefield, receiving messages by Wireless Telegraph

Those who doubt these facts may attempt the simplest of experiments. Place two identical copper rods into the ground however distant your skepticism demands. The ground can be dry. Connect a galvanometer to each rod by means of thin wire. An anomalous positive reading results. This simple fact illustrates the concepts taught by Nathan Stubblefield, who stated that earth batteries do not generate electricity: they intercept and receive ground flowing telluric currents. If you wish to find strong telluric currents by this means, place one of your two ground rods into a tree root. The galvanometer should be wired close to this base. The other rod is wired and can be placed in sequentially different spots. Readings can literally “pin” the meter, holding it there for weeks.

Telluric incursives continued to “interrupt” all electrical communications methods which employed the ground as a medium of exchange. These incursives revealed aspects of the geomantic nature as each new technology was connected to the ground. The mere appearance of additional power was greatly outperformed when, just prior to the advent of Telephony, a shortlived revolution swept the Telegraphic World. Certain telegraph companies replaced all of their electromagnetic systems with the Chemical, or “Automatic Telegraph” of Alexander Bain (1849). The Chemical Telegraph regime utilized the electrosensitivity of special chemical papers to register incoming signals. Code impulses made their dark blue marks on the rolling strip of sensitive paper, the task of decoding having thus been made “automatic”. Because of the low power requirements typical to their method, the Automatic Telegraph lines were successfully operated across much greater distances than their electromagnetic counterparts.

From the very first, some such Chemical Telegraph systems operated on ground power alone. Not only did these systems produce strong signal markings in complete absence of batteries, but partly coherent signals spontaneously appeared in absence of operators as well! The mystifying appearance of fragmentary sentences and geometric patterns was continually observed in idle Chemical Telegraph receivers, a phenomenon which has been discussed in a former treatise (Vril Compendium Vol. 3). Perceptive investigators clearly perceived that incursions of geomantic energy were dynamically modifying and augmenting every ground application of electrical energy. Such anomalous energy manifestations, which often revealed a perplexing time-periodicity, found no plausible explanation among the theoreticians.

With the introduction of Telephony, the use of simple buried terminal plates was soon replaced by a great number of special articulate ground components. Again requiring geomantic sensitivity for their proper ground placement and orientation, these remarkable interleaved and multivented forms literally launched and received signals along selective topographic directions (Taylor and Muirhead, Lugo, Smith). Besides those anomalous power observations in telegraphic and telephonic systems, anomalous observations were noted with the development of wireless communications. The relevant bibliography is filled with instances of geomantic power incursions in wireless systems. These incursions, clearly understood by early wireless pioneers as effects of the earth connection, made their impact on the engineering community.

GROUNDWAVE RADIO

The late part of the Nineteenth Century was a rich and productive time for the empirical researchers, those who explored the deep mysteries of ground conduction radio. Such investigation produced a new world of possibilities in the Wireless Arts. Experimenters found distinctive differences when varieties of geometric shapes were simply buried, a series of discoveries having no satisfactory conventional explanation. A great many highly specialized ground “antennas” were developed and patented during this time period, a technology which provoked both disbelief and criticism on numerous counts.

Portrait of Nathan Stubblefield
and his son Bernard

The very first vocal radio broadcast was engaged by Nathan B. Stubblefield (1872). Mr. Stubblefield employed special “earth cells” and long iron rods to transmit strong vocal signals “with great clarity”. These signals traversed a mile or more of ground, a coordinated conduction wireless system providing telephone service for a hardworking farm community. The Stubblefield Radio Method represents an essential technological mystery. His “earth cells” never wore out, never produced heat in their telephonic components, and provided “signal ready” power at any given instant of the day. Being neither activated or assisted by additional battery power, the system was fully operational around the clock.

Later critics attempted the reduction of the Stubblefield Radio System to mere “subsoil conduction” mode of transmission, but remain completely unable to reproduce the performance to this day. Mr. Stubblefield repeatedly stated confidence in the fact that his Radio System was performing an act of modulation, not a transmission of signal power. The preexisting “electrical waves in the earth”, he firmly stated, were the real energy carriers for his Wireless Telephone Exchange. The special “earth cells” were connective terminals, not power antennas; a means by which direct connection with the geomantic energy stratum was obtained.

In an entirely different regime of exploration, a regime having nothing whatsoever to do with waveradio energies, Dr. Nikola Tesla directed the construction of a massive radiating structure on the northshore of Long Island. His previous years of experience taught him the secrets concerning radiant energy and its effective propagation through the air and space (1892 to 1900). Understanding the means by which radiant energy may be more effectively beamed down through the ground, Dr. Tesla established the magnificent Wardenclyffe Station (1901). Tesla intended Wardenclyffe to be the first of a series, stations for the subterranean beam transmission of radiant energy. Propagation of very large diameter radiant energy beams had been found more effective for given power purposes, when conducted through solid rock. Tesla found that the earth was transparent to these penetrating straightline beams, and planned the use of deeply imbedded ground terminals in order to direct and launch his special radiant energy.

Dr. Tesla took special pains to establish the extensive underground conducting system in order “to get a grip of the earth”. This most complex construction operation, necessarily executed long before the great tower was erected, took place below the Power Broadcast Station. Tesla stated that this was the most difficult part of his construction operation at Wardenclyffe, the drilling of long iron pipes having first been driven down to more than 300 feet into the foundation rock. At a depth of 120 feet, Tesla excavated several radiating shafts, long hallways whose internal walls were covered with pitch and surrounded with iron pipeworks. These shafts extended outward at this horizontal depth for several hundred feet in all directions, a formidable ground projector. Beneath the central chambers of this Magnifying Transmitter, the deeply embedded terminals actually formed the primary beaming structure; a bizarre conception which was literally rediscovered in legal documents provided by Mr. Leland Anderson, and has since been experimentally verified by Eric Dollard.

Fr. Josef Murgas (1906) produced a remarkable series of articulated monopole terminals. These coaxial coil monopoles were deeply drilled pipes, filled with mineral oil and activated by radioimpulses. With these designs, Fr. Murgas exchanged extremely powerful and static-free signals to great distances with very little applied power. The later proliferation of ground aerial designs included double grounded arches (Tesla, Collins, Ducretet, Musits, Pickard), underwater and underground coils (Jones), underground loops (Beakes), “bent-L” inversions (Appleby, Knoll), and underground channel-loops (Hanson). Of these buried ground systems, none were as prolific as those developed by James Harris Rogers (1913). Most properly categorized as buried dipoles, Rogers antennas rested across the subsurface horizon of the ground, and were relatively easy to establish.

Various Arrangements of the Rogers Ground Aerial System, including the Submarine “Underwater” Antenna

Desirous of creating VLF and ELF transmission sites for oceangoing surface and submerged fleet vessels, ground antenna designers attracted the attentions of the NRL and other military research laboratories. In the effort to establish failsafe communications between command centers and distant fleet, ground surface, or submerged forces, military engineers explored both Rogers buried antennas and Murgas drilled monopoles. To the thrift-minded military engineers, the buried Rogers Antennas were more accessible than the more effective and world permeating Murgas designs. Placed into long plowed furrows, the various Rogers antennas provided clarified signals. Compared with the large overhead aerials of other designers, Rogers buried antennas performed in a remarkably constant and dependable manner. Producing strong signals, of both greatly depressed static and equivalent reduced distortion levels, the Rogers designs were prized by Naval Radio engineers.

Rogers buried antennas were buried dipoles, a method application to an old design. Because the Rogers Antenna series were buried dipoles, their performance theoretically completely depended upon their compass orientations. The polarization of transmitted or received signals necessitated that Rogers Antennas be properly placed in the ground with respect to compass bearings, a restriction nonexistent with the superior Murgas Monopoles. But Rogers Antennas were admirably suited to the developing Naval Radio hardware. Driven by sinewave generators, rather than Teslian aether pulses, the Rogers designs operated in the Hertzian wave mode adequately enough to win military support. Few military experts bothered to recall that these designs were all purloined from directly from the Tesla patents, a fact which the genteel Tesla never bothered to cite.

Periodically classified and declassified, the Rogers designs and their modifications have formed the core of the military VLF and ELF communications arsenal. But most of the researchers instinctively sought out those monopoles which Fr. Murgas developed, and which the military had overlooked. Throughout the early part of the Twentieth Century, a great variety of ground antennas made their sudden appearance in the commercial radio market. Experimenters everywhere were discovering that different shapes and materials were capable of providing extraordinarily strong radio transmissions and receptions when simply buried.

GROUND TERMINALS

Attempts of devising newer and more effective ground antenna designs provoked several intriguing explorations. The most amazing discoveries included those made with relatively small buried metal forms. Radio rules changed completely when buried antenna were employed, the complete elimination of Hertzian dimension restrictions being the first observation. Unlike their aerial counterparts, buried terminals were not bound by those exacting requirements of wavelength. One did not require lateral dimensions equal to the normal shortwave aerial yardage, the first feature recognized by radio amateurs.

It was indeed during this time period that the customary use of old iron radiators and large metal bedsprings, scrap metal surplus, became an experimental vogue with radio amateurs. These buried, highly articulated iron forms, provided powerful evidence that the ground antenna principle actually worked. In the classic models, the burial of any aerial structure represented immersion in a conductive medium. The burial of conductors in the ground was viewed as reduction to a uniform, neutral electrical gradient. This condition sufficiently neutralized all of the geometric differences within an isoelectric horizon. Electrodynamic theory stated that any buried metal composite, however “variegated” or “articulated” in form, would simply behave as a “lumped” resistance.

While the use of variegated antennas posed no threat to the existing paradigm, academicians considered the concept of buried variegated antennas a theoretical impossibility. Indeed, those who examined ground aerial patents found completely problematic the notion that highly variegated geometric structures could demonstrate differing degrees of transmissive or receptive advantage. Electrical engineers insisted that the net surface areas of these buried “articulate” forms alone determined their resultant excessive performance. In this consideration, material composition did not matter. Conductivity was the prime factor. Differing only in their various surface areas, the only theoretical differences among buried geometries, in addition to those of mere surface area, were thought to be factors of electrolytic corrosion. The more pitted the ground contact surface, the more likely a buried object would become better conductive to signals. The microsurficial increase of surface contact through corrosive pitting was called to explain the “additional gain”.

Since the electrical merits of buried materials were supposedly the simple result of surface area and the effectively moved electrical volume, the result of this inherent surface area, no special discovery was acknowledged among the authorities. But empirical determinations proved that different geometric shapes and (more unbelievably) different material composites, actually did effect an enhanced “launching” of radiosignals far in excess of their calculated surface area. Solid plates of calculated equivalent surface did not perform as magnificently as the buried radiators or bedsprings, the articulated exposure for potential conduction increasing to or from the surrounding ground.

But empirical research consistently overturned each of the theoretical contentions, proving by incontestable demonstration the superior signalling characteristics of articulate ground terminals. Anomalous signal strengths were both transmitted from and received through ground transmitting systems far in excess of intensities or topographic distances declared possible by theory. This was particularly true when the ground transmitting antennas were powered by spark-generated, asymmetric impulse currents. Signals were somehow being “collimated and constricted” within the ground proper. This constrictive action did not explain all of the observed signal intensities. Evidence had again suggested that the ground was “leaking” a non-electrical component up into both the electrical systems and their emerging signals.

In fact, several widely advertised and highly successful designs included the “Yale Ground Hog”, the “Subtenna”, the “Aeroliminator”, and the “Subaerial”. These few representatives demonstrated the superiority of ground antennas, a validity which literally emptied the stock rooms of each ground antenna distributor. Dr. F. L. Satterlee, an X-Ray specialist, developed several “tuned ground” radio receivers. Implemented by The Moon Radio Company, these radiosets placed their performance boasts on a remarkable “antenna-free” operation. The principle advantage of these ground antennas was their static-eliminating nature. The ease of their installation and maintenance combined great signalling efficiency. Several of the commercial units needed only to be connected with a cold water pipe, their powerful and “static-free” reception being unequalled by the more conventional “aerial receivers”. Additionally, waveradio receivers produced by The Moon Radio Company operated during normally impossible meteorological and geophysical conditions; a condition well described by Nikola Tesla. A great many inventors continued producing truly amazing diversity in the “ground antenna” format. Throughout this time of amazing and anomalous discoveries, the empirical method led the way.

As seen in Radio News, April 1928

NATURAL AMPLIFIER

It had been clearly observed by a number of experimenters that the environment exerted strong and dynamic action on transmitter signals. It was long known that this mysterious energy species could actively charge ground-connected radio systems in absence of applied power, the early experiments of Loomis having established this principle (1862). This agency was very obviously possessed of an inherently superior articulate nature, being able to distinguish and energize buried material composites and varied geometric forms. In addition, the energetic ground agency seemed able to selectively seek out, constrict into, and intensify the incoming signal power of distant stations. There were obviously other influences which determined the nature of ground-traversing signals.

Experimenters realized that these effects differed with both the methods used in obtaining the spark energy, the manner in which disturbances were launched into the environment, the grounds into which signals were launched, and the specific directions along which they were launched. The spark applications of small experimental radiotransmitters produced signals of unexpected large volume at great distances, empirical evidence of an unexplained signal “amplifier” in the natural environment (Appleton and Barnett). VLF amplification effects had been empirically recognized among radio engineers on both sides of the Atlantic. In fact, the very first historical Transatlantic Signals of Marconi were problematic from every engineering standpoint. The calculated losses, theoretically expected of these signals, were far too great to account for his first claimed successes (1901). This was a fact which provoked many to doubt and criticize Marconi’s claims in the venture. Later repeatable demonstrations of the VLF amplification effect evoked few suggested explanations from the engineering community.

The concept that signals could acquire additional energy from an unacknowledged geomantic source was not readily received by the academic community. Some experimenters initiated dialogue on the possible gain of signals which had traversed the geomagnetic field (Prentice). These gains were not the simple result of “standing waves”, nor the result of Hall Effect intensifications provoked by launching signals across the geomagnetic field. The perplexing effect was noted across the entire radiofrequency spectrum, from VLF radiotelegraphic to shortwave radiotelephone services. Unlike the identical phenomena which took place in wired telegraph and telephone lines, these effects were taking place in complete absence of wire. But what dynamic agency was literally magnifying each relatively small initial signal?

With the installation of multiple Marconi Transatlantic Stations, it quickly became known that transoceanic VLF magnification phenomena were only obtained when signals were launched along highly specific “launch paths”. Conformity with these “launch paths” produced undistorted signals of unexpected great power and presence. VLF signals which were not applied to the special launchpaths, were simply lost in transit. The Marconi World Radio Circuit relied these very obvious environmental controls, but it was quite impossible for engineers to follow the exact pathways of these suboceanic signals. It was first thought that the phenomenon had much to do with the submarine ground itself. By assuming the existence of special highly conductive marine geostrata, it was imagined that a simple geological survey could codify the selection of Marconi Station sites.

But no such geological formula or pattern was ever found, to the great consternation of engineers and theoreticians alike. Directed along identical suboceanic geostrata, the very same VLF signals encountered unexpected and unexplained high signal resistivity; a frightful realization for those whose labor was expended in the building of several Marconi Stations. What was the strange “absorptive potential” by which a launched signal could simply be drawn across a specific launchpath? If not in the material strata of submarine geology, where then was this mysterious “absorptive potential” contained?

Several sites were quietly abandoned by the Marconi Company, the matter being privately considered for very obvious business reasons. The prospect of statistical failure in the “scientific” selection of VLF launchpaths displeased Marconi greatly. The use of dowsing methods would be very “bad for business” if the fact became known to the scientific community at large. These factors eventually drove Marconi deeper into a study of shortwave aerial phenomena. Other radio station engineers found it necessary to select station sites through “alternative” or “geomantic” means. This renewed awareness of geomantic energy, as well as the role of special points and pathways in effecting long distance communications, provoked a hostile and derisive reaction among conventional engineers.

Cloverleaf Mfg. Co. Subantenna Underground Antenna System

SHORTWAVES

The advent of shortwave radio systems however, produced intriguing anomalies, which found neither immediate theoretical models nor solutions. Unable to account for the divergent signal strengths noted between separate aerial or ground contacts, fact-finding empirical research was again engaged. The models which theoreticians developed postulated that a loosely linked “skywave” and “groundwave” were responsible for the anomalous reception effects. In this analysis of waveradio transmitters, a conduction wavesignal “through the ground” was selectively either neutralized or intensified by an aerial signal “through the sky” (Breit and Tuve).

With the newly discovered ionized atmospheric layer neatly providing “skipping” reflectivity for transmissions, the model was complete. Accordingly, the proper phasing of skipped skywaves and groundwaves produced resultant signals of unusual strength. Improper phasing produced received signals were weak or even absent. It was then easy to comprehend the varying nature of shortwave signals whenever encountered. One could find reasonable explanation for variable signal strengths throughout the day, month, and year. “Skipping” skywaves met with continuous groundwaves to produce all of the observed signal receptions. Phase shifting explained all of these variations. Or did it?

The use of very long, close-ground antennas was early implemented by those who sought the development of special aerial-ground hybrid antennas. The “double ground” aerial employed an elevated line with grounded ends. This format was limited by its orientation requirements, often acting as an excellent directional detector of distant stations. Extremely low aerials were developed and used in 1911 (Kiebitz), often extending to nearly 1000 feet in length and being poised to within a yard of ground level. In 1918, a similar system (A. Hall) placed 2700 feet of insulated cable along the ground surface, and claimed excellent reception characteristics.

The famed “Beverage Antenna” (patent 1,381,089), was the result of experiments with several thousand straight feet of wiring on tall insulating posts, a design which attracted the fortune-aimed attentions of RCA. Wishing to break the existing market on special beam aerials, this design formed the means by which Marconi monopolies on the “bent-L” aerials were broken. The receptive clarity of this design increased with proximity to ground. RCA could not infringe on the Rogers designs, or those of others, whose buried ground antennas produced better signal strength.

These horizon-hugging aerials provoked controversy because of their supposed necessary “management” of a mixed sky and ground wave complex. Experiment proved that increasing elevations of the Beverage Antenna resulted in a pure and noisy skywave signal, with the greatest signal intensities being derived with the line placed as close to ground surface as possible. In some cases, these ground-parallel aerials were poised on insulators 12 foot or less for best effect. Being the design which represents the theoretical midpoint, between the buried Rogers dipole and the Marconi “bent-L”, the Beverage Antenna reveals that ground currents and ground signals are indeed distinct in origin and species. These results helped to convince many that the proposed “nearzone-farzone” radio principles were absolutely mistaken. In fact, a special theory was developed to “explain” the superior operation of the Beverage Aerial. [All of these patents and articles are found in Vril Compendium Volumes 9 and 10].

Ground Out Static
with SUB-AERIAL

A great many popular radio magazine articles were devoted to the unusual reception of signals through the ground alone (Volume 8, Vril Compendium). To the amateur experimenters of the time, it was all too apparent that the theoretical assessments lacked reality. Those who studied radio propagation phenomena for military applications could not account for the fact that far too powerful ground signals continued with increasing range from their sourcepoint. By comparison, their aerial signal counterparts were far too weakened by the journey. Experimenters found that the “skywave-groundwave” model did not explain the continued magnification of signals “received through the ground”. When compared to signals “received through the air”, the ground signals were persistently more powerful, and far less eroded by static.

Of the many energetic interactions occurring in and among spark discharges, Hertz chose but two for analysis (1887). Convention has agreeably restricted its considerations to the same, affirming that only two fields of influence make themselves manifest at close distances from a spark. The induction field, and the “radiowave field”. Induction field effects rapidly fall away with the inverse square of distance from a spark center. The “true radio energy” is that wave energy which loses intensity with the inverse distance from a spark center. This difference of intensity with distance from the spark center defines the radiofield. Radio texts described the “nearzone” (induction field) and the “farzone” (radiofield). Patent examiners used this model to eliminate all but the Marconi claims for wireless transmission of signals, a tragic reduction. Far more important demonstrations proved the superiority of geomantic radio principles. Certain highly qualified experimenters disagreed with the simplistic Hertzian view, and contradicted the views of a growing mainstream (Stubblefield, Tesla, Massey, Moray).

Some thought that the induction field was the source of the unusual ground signals, the electrostatic influence which induced electron oscillations in the rock immediately beneath transmitter towers. Much improved ground configurations were thought to provide additional power to these relatively weak induction oscillations. Large area copper screens or grids were pre-buried long before transmitting towers or aerials were erected. These conductive screens extended outward from the central transmitting axis for several hundred yards in some instances. Thus directly applied, ground currents were given enormous impulse, a possible reason for the strong and predominating reception of local stations in neighborhood receivers. Theoretically, these induction sources were incapable of propagating beyond one quarter of a wavelength from their tower centers. Deep VLF ground currents of 10 kilocycles were therefore not to be received beyond 15 kilometers from their source. The transmission of 3 megacycle signals would, according to these expectations, produce ground currents undetected beyond 250 feet from their source.

These “nearzone-farzone” models did not explain the true signal strength received through ground antennas. Why for example, could VLF signals be received from distances much further than 10,000 miles from their aerial gantries? Why were shortwave signals routinely received from distances surpassing 15,000 miles? Nevertheless, the ground antenna made such signal reception possible. One may yet demonstrate these dynamics with rudimentary ground rod antennas, a technique which will shortly be described. The “nearzone-farzone” model does not explain why VLF signals are only received along specific constrictive paths, a mystery which deepens when it is realized that such conductive ground paths are never found along strictly geodesic sections. Field distribution experiments show the meandering nature of VLF signals across regions of ground, a fact which correlates their much-amplified propagation with geomantic current paths.

There were, in addition, several remarkable reversals of these same theoretical expectations. Why, across certain locales, was it impossible to receive the powerful shortwave transmissions of a station some several hundred yards away in plain sight? “Radio blindspots” could not be explained on the basis of earth conductivity or geophysical characteristics alone. These glaring propagation discrepancies posed neither problem nor threat to the empirical researchers, who formulated their own naturally accurate models. The anomalous “blindspots” and “freak transmissions” which the routinely observed, were exceptions to the theoretical models. Such notable and unexplainable instances, while continuing to plague the modelmakers, provoked far too little academic interest (Hollingworth, Quack).

Satterlee Antennaless
from Moon Radio Corp.

This experimental example offered a most startling clue to the mode of transmission actually responsible for the operation of buried antenna designs. The “skywave-groundwave” model presupposes that a singular radiosource will produce a singular radiating wave, half of the wave propagating through an aerial route, the other half being immersed in ground. Passage through the atmospheric route gathers static signatures and other distortions which are supposedly induced throughout the wavefront. This aerial noise is transferred and distributed throughout the advancing wavefront. Being absolutely tied to its aerial portion, the ground wave of any signal must therefore contain each acquired noise signature. The same holds true when the ground signal acquires static and distortions along its earthen propagation path. Then, the aerial portion receives new static signatures as a coequal distribution from the ground up. But all too many occasions prove the absolute contradiction of this model, and ground antennas provided the incontrovertible evidence.

Buried terminals gave the clearest proof that aerial signals and ground signals were of completely different origin, those of the ground having the most obvious source in a powerful autodynamic matrix. Aerial waves were so obviously dissolved and “digested” in transit from their distant sources, while ground currents often demonstrated anomalous intensification in transit. It was furthermore quite obvious that electrical currents were not responsible for the ground currents beyond the theoretical quarterwave limits. Signals received through the ground were clarified and strong, even when aerial sampling proved that there should be only a static “hiss”. Experiments have shown that the sometimes “wavering” behavior of ground received signals are the result of completely different origins, a dynamic response to completely distinct causes.

Added articulate dimensions made their appearance in a regime of improved ground antennas. Some designs employed chemical saturations to produce greatly clarified and intensified signals. The revolutionary approach began as a chemical treatment to existing ground terminals, a treatment giving superior empirical results. Chemically treated terminals brought a complete eradication of static. The chemical of choice for these “treatments” was copper sulfate, the watery solution being liberally poured upon the buried terminal until the soil became a slurry. Allowed to dry out, these terminals displayed their enormously improved outputs. In other such experimental arrangements, copper sulfate solution was placed in a large porous cup. Contact was made with the solution with a metal rod. This design completely eliminated common static and other crackling noises, a significant improvement which also provided new insight into the nature of ground signals themselves.

The performances of chemically treated ground antennas was not well comprehended, it being simply assumed that the earth-permeating solutions projected a conductive horizon beyond the antenna itself. Poured into the ground and allowed to dry in situ, such solutions were thought to extend a wonderfully articulate matrix of “fingerlets” beyond the metallic antenna framework. Crystalline, complex, and replete with dendritic projections, such arrangements became ‘woven into the earth”. How did such an underground crystalline complex manage to multiply signal conductivity, while depressing all of the expected levels of static? Ensheathing the metallic framework, the crystallized solution represented a non-conductive envelope. How conductive was the crystallized “matrix” at all? Electrically unresponsive in its dried crystalline form, any such copper sulfate sheath should have blocked the entrance of all purely electrical currents. What carrier was then delivering its obviously improved signals?

This case study was completely corroborated in the simpler instance of an insulator-ensheathed copper rod, where clarified signals of great strength continued to be received in obvious absence of the electrical carriers (Lehr, Theroux). Examples such as these actually challenge common notions concerning the nature of ground signals, obviously not the result of electrical waves at all. When compared with the accompanying aerial signals, a contradiction in theoretical prediction was obtained. Aerial signals would prove to be replete with static signatures. Were the skywave and groundwave each coequals, linked energetic expulsions from a common source, then each should have delivered the identical static events. But the addition of chemical solutions to the ground amplified and clarified the incoming signals, proving that ground signals are of an entirely different class and species of signal…having nothing to do with their aerial mirror-partners. How then did the addition of an electrically non-conductive crystalline matrix actually produce better reception through the ground antenna?

BIODYNAMIC INTERACTION

The exchange between electrical signals and geomantic currents produced remarkable transformations, energy exchanges yet requiring exhaustive study. The manner in which articulate messages actively relate with their electrical carriers is improperly understood. In the biodynamic model, intelligent expressions constrict toward the center core of their carrier streams, becoming a tight thready current. The electrical carrier streams themselves expand away from this central thready core, losing integrity with distance. It was well known that certain geomantically densified regions were notorious eradicators of electrical signals, the legendary “blindspots” which characterized certain subequatorial districts. In these biologically active zones, where jungle growth was most highly accelerated, radio signals encountered impossible distortions and indefinable interruptive influences.

The significant distinctions of ground-derived currents from electrostatic or electrical currents required analytical methods not willingly engaged by the convention. Nevertheless, the incursions of unknown or forgotten energy strata refused to disappear. These manifestations, which became complicated with electrical applications, made their presence continually known. These pure geomantic currents possessed distinctly biological attributes of catabolic growth. Geomantic energy perpetually overpowered and dissolved every electrical application into the ground (catabolic reaction), while automagnifying its own potential (growth behavior) against the invasive electricity (immune response). In this process, communications signals were very apparently amplified. The bizarre amplifications most occurred when signals traversed regions of high geomantic current densities. This is why so many experimenters observed the topographically determined signal magnifications across specific locales.

In 1904, one experimenter rediscovered that the bioactivity of thriving trees can provide an astounding source of radiosignals, a method referred to as “floraphony”. When connected to specific spots on tree trunks, the use of a simple nail probe resulted in the anomalous powerful reception of radiosignals from 18,000 miles distance (Squier). Indeed, the interactive relationship between electrical and geomantic energies has remained singularly mysterious. For those who do not comprehend the fundamental differences and distinctions between the energies involved, only the futile shuffling and reshuffling of the “four forces” remains: an academic card game which, very unfortunately, will never produce a completely satisfying explanation. The associated list of anomalies continues to assert its presence, one which manages to topple the house of cards with every new deal.

The general social lack of sensitivity to bioenergies has contributed to the malaise of the scientific research community, a malaise which motivated Eighteenth Century experimenters to forsake their roots in Vitalism. The unfortunate consequent fixation on the discovery of currents and energetic influences, abnormal to the bionatural environment, has enslaved civilized humanity to an inferior technology, a degenerate mindstate, and a completely irrelevant world model. The interaction between geomantic and electrostatic current is the result of antagonism between two completely opposed species. Geomantic currents are far more powerful in their technological potentials, an energetic foundation which sensitives have long anticipated. The accumulation of phenomena, by which geomantic energies are transformed into the utilitarian needs of our world, are all that is lacking in this regard.

By far not confined to qualitative methods, geomantic energy was quantitatively found to be possessed of biological characteristics not normally attributed to either electrostatic fields or electrical currents. From archane times, geomantic currents were known to flow through the ground in meandering pathways. The geomantic matching of large VLF aerials became common practice for the launching of signals along the mysterious magnifying paths, paths which meandered and “wandered” across continental topographies. The veinlike “woivres”, formerly identified and mapped by medieval geomancers, were associated with uncertain geophysical associations (Charpentier).

Direct connection with aerial, elemental, and ground-sourced energies produced a wide range of otherwise unexplained effects. These effects were repeatedly reproduced in apparatus requiring only monopolar ground terminals and variable tuning capacitors. The discoveries made by the Chemical Telegraph proved that the ground emergent energy actively organizes the chaos of sensitive emulsions into distinct patterns. These mystifying patterns and hunting fragmentary messages, revealed the literal “dark structure” of the ground, a structure which completely dominated every ground-launched electrical signal. The geomantic structure ruled and governed every wired, ground-wired, or radio signal which electrotechnology had applied to the ground. Signals were shunted, interrupted, magnified, reduced, constricted, redirected, divided, and recombined as each encountered the geomantic structure. The distinctly biological nature of the geomantic structure was thus clearly revealed. It is the same structure which ancient geomancers saw in the pure mode, a radiant and multicrystalline form which permeates and sustains the geological matter of earth. Fluidic streams form the facets of this black radiant structure, the “geomantic” currents of which we have spoken.

Explorations of the pure geomantic energies required very simple equipment. Researchers found it possible to extract enormously potent geomantic currents. Employing little more than a grounded rod or plate, and in the complete absence of additional (electrical) energy, geomantic energy was drawn up to the surface and selectively entuned. The grounded instruments used in these wonderful explorations were the simple and familiar diagnostic tools of the telegraphic and telephonic engineers: Wheatstone Bridges, decade resistors, and variable capacitance batteries. The strange and cyclic activation of chemical telegraphs was tested and proven, the results mystifying. When these components were connected to one or more buried plates, the apparatus became strangely charged with a neutral energy. The Patent Archive is pleasantly “interrupted” with the occasional exceptions provided by these research purists, who insisted that geomantic potentials were far more potent and capable than electrical energy.

Those ground-oriented systems, which derive their operative energy directly from articulate environment, have experimentally proven their worth. Reproductions of a great many such devices has produced the surprising success by which we have experienced a personal Scientific Renaissance. Geomantic energy is capable of marking sensitive chemical papers and plates (Bain, Edison), of stimulating auric emissions from elements and chemicals (Reichenbach), of marking photographic plates (Dobler), of stimulating plant growth (White), of vivifying otherwise incapacitated patients (Abrams), of impressing and modifying sensitive crystallization processes (Kolisko), is able to seek and reveal deeply buried ore bodies (Drown, Rogers), and is capable of more astounding displays. Its preeminent potentials dwarf those achieved through the use of electrical charge.

Demonstrating a distinct bioaffinity, geomantic currents evidence selective preference for biological matter and for bioorganisms (White, Abrams, Lahovsky). Possessing articulate “behavior”, whose definition exceeds that crude behavior of electrical currents, geomantic currents are able to selectively seek and locate specific widely distributed tuning targets with complete precision. Non-inertial, and characterized by innate properties which may only be termed “biological”, geomantic currents represent an energetic stratum at the most fundamental level. The world foundation. Was it any wonder that ground antennas performed in excess of all the electrodynamic predictions?

RADIONIC GROUND ENTUNEMENT

Discovered during the years when the communications sciences of Telegraphy, Telephony, Conduction Wireless, and Aerial Wireless were being developed, the isolation and implementation of Geomantic Energy has founded the core of a new Science. Having thoroughly accepted the objective existence of Geomantic Currents, the Radionists extended the known list of attributes and potentials germane to these energetic species. Radionists developed instruments, methods, and technologies beyond the expected conventional limits.

Their diagnostic instruments become recognized as “tuners” or “filters” of the geomantic currents. With refined entunement components, the effects became more pronounced and defined. The now familiar use of resistance or capacitance bridges in Radionic Technology has not been significantly changed since the days of telegraph line diagnostic instruments. Considered to be “electrically dead” by other academes, and therefore supposedly incapable of dynamic activity, the diagnostic apparatus of Radionists were derided by those who refused the acceptance of vitalistic energy on conditions of personal prejudice alone. But the natural phenomenon defied the edicts of those who refused to know. Radionically entuned radio receivers became enormously powerful sites into which impossibly distant signals of exceedingly weak intensities simply pour. To experience the numerous phenomena typical for reception through ground antennas is to experience the technically “impossible”.

Utilized in a great variety of investigative purposes, the acquisition of geomantic energies was fortunately chronicled in a great number of patents and articles. Radionists discovered that Geomantic energy is neutral, being possessed of an ability to modify and organize chemically chaotic systems (Littlefield, Morley-Martin, Kolisko). Pure geomantic energy articulates and transforms mineral solutions into prebiological organizations (Crosse, Bastian, Reich). The characteristic which draws geomantic currents into bioorganisms has been explored for use as a therapeutic stimulant (White, Drown). Greatly increased vitality is the result of exposures to these ground derived currents, an echoing reminder of truths early discovered by Mesmer and Galvani.

Ground derived energies were used in demonstration of agricultural stimulation (White, Lakhovsky), sensitive medical diagnosis (White, Abrams, Hieronymus), medical therapies (White, Mellon, Drown), anatomical scanning (Drown, DelaWarr), wireless biological communications (Abrams, Hieronymus, Drown), chemical reactivity (Kolisko), power acquisition (Stubblefield, Strong, Brown, Tomkins, Lockwood, Prentice), meteorological modification (Baigorri), remote sensing and surveying (Beasse, Glazewski, Billington, Ash, Rogers, Moray, Maby, Drown), and mineral prospecting (Beasse, Rogers, Drown). Despite these profound discoveries, the widescale acceptance of geomantic energy or geomantic phenomena was methodically shunned and eliminated from the academic dogma.

Despite the vindictive treatment, that displayed in the purgative fury of several national agencies, the legendary Radionists developed a wondrous new technology which yet holds the future survival of humanity. This superlative Radionic Technology, capable of stimulating and engaging the very deepest of human potentials, has neither been glimpsed or considered since Medieval times. In the secrets of Radionic Science are the means by which the very deepest dreams and desires of humanity find technological expression. Implementing pure geomantic energies, Radionic Instrumentalities operate at the very level from which dreams and desires emerge.

With the energies obtained up from the ground, we have discovered a sequence of distinct, irreducible, and articulate attributes, to which both our thoughts and efforts have been continually directed. The all too numerous experiments which Borderland Sciences researchers have conducted remain forever framed in this biodynamic perspective. With each attempt at duplicating the supposed fraudulent claims of our qualitatively inclined predecessors, we continue to rediscover spectacular anomalies. Providing us with a continual stream of scientific epiphanies, we have enjoyed remarkable success. Moving in and among such strange scientific topics, you may also venture among deep roadways untravelled by most. In truth, these deepest of studies prove the existence of a superlative visionary world-reality, one whose thralldom society must again admit.

Coupled with the most elementary of ground antennas, any ordinary shortwave receiver becomes a powerful diagnostic tool. With very simple equipment, one obtains a glowing window on the innermost world processes whose biodynamic activities rule our very being. The diagnostic use of ground radio antennas, has permitted the acquisition of wonderful and mind-elevating secrets. One continually learns the lost details inherent in our throbbing world. The geomantic structure, whose pulsing streams and ebbing tides govern our consciousness, is suddenly revealed through the turn of a radio dial. Unreconciled audio “observations” provide compelling evidence that ours is a world alive, whose meandering flowlines display both emotive reactions and intelligent behavior. Careful interpretation of ground radio phenomena has permitted us to add new details to the evergrowing biodynamic world thesis.

Indeed, with every experiment we have performed, there is a vast and oceanic flood of new facts and equally new associations. It is with these revelations we find ourselves wonderfully occupied. Now comprising a formidable and growing treasury, we recognize that the duplication of such past methodologies well serves our willingness to seek. Ground-connected shortwave receivers are radionic interaction chambers, where pure geomantic power meets with electricity. Employing the receiver components as surreptitious radionic instruments, we have found an astounding sequence of corroborative facts in a singular theme.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[VC denotes VRIL COMPENDIUM -- All patents are contained in the Compendium]

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  • — “Variations of VLF Signals”, Proceedings Royal Society, Volume 77, June 1906.
• Meissner, Alexander. “Oscillations By Shock Excitation”, Patent 1,007,733 (November 4, 1913). [VC 9 Aerial Radio]
  • — “Directional Antenna System”, Patent 1,740,950 (December 24, 1929). [VC 11 ELF Devices]
• Mellon, John. “Electro-Therapeutic Appliance”, Patent 412,196 (October 1, 1889).
• Morley-Martin. “The Morley-Martin Experiments”, Borderland Sciences Research Foundation Reprint, 1986.
• Morse, Samuel. “Conducting Power and Galvanic Power of The Earth”, Silliman’s Journal, Volume 35, 1839, pp. 253-267.
  • — “Mode of Crossing Broad Rivers”, Dr. Morse, Letter to House of Representatives, 23 December 1824. [all accounts collected in VC 2 Telegraphy]
• Muirhead, John. “Condensing Resistance for Electric Telegraphs”, Patent 208,665 (October 1, 1878).
• Murgas, Fr. Josef. “Constructing Antennas”, Patent 860,051 (July 16, 1907).
  • — “Wireless Telegraphy”, Patent 915,993 (March 23 ,1909). [Biography and Patents], [VC 8 Ground Radio]
  • — “Ground Telegraphy in War”, H. Gernsback, Electrical Experimenter.
  • — “Radiation And Reception With Buried Antenna”, IEEE AP-11, Number 3, pp. 207-218 (Relates Murgas to PANGLOSS).
  • — “Subsurface Radio Propagation Experiments”, Tsao and deBettencourt, Raytheon Company, 1965, [VC 11 Military ELF].
• Musits, Sigmund. “Apparatus For Wireless Telegraphy”, Patent 777,216 (December 13 , 1904). [VC 8 Ground Radio]
• Preece, Sir William. “Recent Progress In Telephony”, British Association Reports, 1882.
  • — “Electrical Induction Between Wires”, British Association Reports, 1886.
  • — “Signalling Through Space Without Wires”, Proc. Royal Inst. London, 1897.
  • — “Aetheric Telegraphy”, Society of Arts, 3 May 1899.
  • — “Aetheric Telegraphy”, Inst. Electrical Engineers, 22 December 1898.
  • — “Aetheric Wireless Telegraphy”, Proc. Inst. Electrical Engineers London, 1898. [Collections VC 8 Ground Radio], [Collections VC 9 Aerial Radio]
• Prentice, Frank Wyatt. “Wireless Train Control System”, Patent 843,550.
• — “Electrical Power Accumulators”, Certified description (Private publication September 18, 1923), will be available through BSRF.
• Quack. “Zeitschrifft fur Hochfrequenztechnik” 30 (2), p. 41, 1928.
• Rogers, Mr. and Mrs. Stanley A. Harris. “Radiology In The Field Of Mineral Deposits”, Journal of The Electronic Research Association, Missouri, 1932 [VC 4].
• Rogers, James Harris. “America’s Greatest War Invention”, H. W. Secor, Electrical Experimenter, 1919.
  • — “Ground Wires and Shortwaves”, Lieut. Comm. H. A. Taylor, Proceedings Institute Radio Engineers, Vol. 7 (4), 1919.
  • — “Longwaves and Strays on Rogers Antennae”, Lieut. Comm. A. H. Taylor, Electrical Experimenter, 1920.
  • — “Radiosignaling System”, Patent 1,303,730 (May 13, 1919).
  • — “Submarine Signaling System”, Patent 1,395,454 (November 4, 1921).
  • — “Submarine Wireless”, P. R. Coursey, Wireless World, 27 November 1920.
  • — “The Rogers Underground Aerial for Amateurs”, J. H. Rogers, Electrical Experimenter, 1920.
  • — “Underground Wireless System”, Electrical Experimenter, March 1919. [Patent Collection], [VC 8 Ground Radio]

• SANGUINE/SEAFARER

  • — “Earth Conduction Experiments”, H. W. Dodge.
  • — “Finding Mines By Radio”, Popular Radio, September 1924, pp. 238-245.
  • — “Grounding System For New High Power Stations”, The Marconigraph, September 1919, pp. 548-549.
  • — “Subterranean and Submarine Antennas”, A. H. Taylor, Institute Radio Engineers, August 1919.
  • — “Underground Radio Telegraph”, S. R. Winters, Popular Radio, May 1924, pp. 490-492. [Articles in VC 8 Ground Radio]
  • — “ELF Propagation Measurements Along A 4900 Kilometer Path”, L. Ginsberg, IEEE, December 1973.
  • — “Wisconsin Test Facility”, Bannister et al, IEEE, December 1973. [SANGUINE Article Collection in VC 11 ELF Devices]
• Smith, Gerritt. “Duplex Telegraph”, Patent 238,448 (March 1, 1881).
• Snow, William. “Earth Batteries for Generating Electricity”, Patent 155,209 (September 22, 1874).
• Steinheil, C. A. “On Telegraphy and Galvanic Craft”, Munich, 1898. (Steinheil account taken from) History of Wireless Telegraphy, Fahy. [all accounts VC 2 Telegraphy]
• Strong, Henry. “Relay Telephones”, Patent 235,658 (December 21, 1880).
• Squier, George. “Tree Telephony and Telegraphy”, Patent 1,549,032 (August 11, 1925).
  • — “Tree Telephony and Telegraphy”, Journal of The Franklin Institute, June 1919.
  • — “Talking Through The Trees”, Electrical Experimenter, 1919.
  • Stubblefield, Nathan. “Electrical Battery”, Patent 600,457, (March 8, 1898).
  • — “Stubblefield Personal Papers, Patents”, [VC 4 Archeforms].
  • — “Earth Batteries” [Patent Collection VC 4 Archeforms].
• Taylor, Herbert (with Muirhead, Alexander). “Telegraphic Accumulators and Condensers”, Patent 206,366 (July 23, 1878).

• TELLURIC CURRENTS

  • — “Abnormal Earth Currents”, Grandy, Electrical Engineer, June 1892
  • — “Auroral Disturbances”, Nature, 29 April 1886
  • — “Earth Currents”, B. Grandy, Electrical Engineer, March 1893
  • — “Earth Currents”, W. Finn, Electrical Engineer, November 1892
  • — “Earth Currents”, W. H. Preece, Nature, April 1894
  • — “On The Electrical Currents Of The Earth”, Mateucci, Smithsonian Institute. [VC 1 White Ray Conductors]
  • — “How the Aurora Affects Telegraph Lines”, H. Gernsback, Electrical Experimenter, January 1918, [VC 1 White Ray Conductors].
  • — “Registering Apparatus for Earth Currents”, Science, June 1883.
  • — “Recent Observations on Earth Currents”, Electrical Engineer, August 1894.
  • — “Telegraphs, J. D. Caton, Scientific American, September 1862
  • — “Terrestrial Electricity”, Nature, 1874. [All above taken from VC 1 White Ray Conductors]
• Tesla, Nikola. “Transmitting Through Natural Mediums”, Patent 787,412 (April 18, 1905).
• — “Transmitting Electrical Energy”, Patent 1,119,732 (December 1, 1914).
• Tomkins, Cornelius. “Telephone Relay”, Patent 238,459 (March 1, 1881).
• Trowbridge, John. “The Earth As A Conductor of Electricity”, American Academy of Sciences, 1880. [VC 9 Aerial Radio]
• Vail, Alfred. [Diary Accounts: anomalous telegraphic currents, VC 3]
• Von Arco, Count Georg. “Aerial Conductor”, Patent 959,100, (May 24, 1910), [VC 9 Aerial Radio].
• — “Radiotelegraphic Station”, Patent 1,082,221, (December 23, 1913). [VC 8 Ground Radio].
• White, Dr. G. S. Cosmo-ElectroCulture, Los Angeles, 1929.
• — New Light On Therapeutic Energies, M. L. Gallert, Borderland Sciences.

Much evidence indicates that specific communications and energies DO exist outside the conventional electromagnetic spectrum of which our finest examples may be found in the sciences of radionics, homeopathy, dowsing, radiesthesia, and etheric engineering to name a few. While conventional modes of discovering these “biodynamic” signals has in the past relied on the human subject as an integral component of detection, we are concerned here with what has been referred to as the “automatic detecting instrument” – sans human subject. Our investigations into the detection of biodynamic signals begins with the outstanding work of L. George Lawrence.

L. George Lawrence, a Silesian-born electronics specialist, began his studies into plant biodynamics in 1962 while employed as a instrumentation engineer for a Los Angeles space-science corporation. He was actually engaged in a project to develop jam-proof missile components, and believed that using plant tissue as a type of transducer would produce the desired results. He summarized that living plant tissues or leaves were capable of simultaneously sensing temperature change, gravitational variation, electromagnetic fields, and a host of other environmental effects — an ability no known mechanical sensor possessed. These initial investigations led him to the works of Alexander Gurwitsch, a Russian histologist, whose experiments in the 1920s proved that all living cells produce invisible radiations of a biodynamic character. While observing the cells of onion roots, Gurwitsch noticed that they began dividing with a distinct rhythm causing him to trust that some type of vital force from nearby cells was the cause. To verify this hypothesis Gurwitsch devised a type of ray gun which entailed mounting an onion root tip inside of a thin glass cylinder which was then aimed at a matching arrangement with a small area of onion root exposed to act as a target. Gurwitsch allowed the onion “ray gun” to bombard the sample for three hours, at which time he examined the target specimen under his microscope. The number of cell divisions in the irradiated area had increased by 25 percent! Gurwitsch tried to block the emanations with a thin slice of quartz crystal, but this proved ineffective. Only glass or a gelatin substance guaranteed blocking the transmissions. Owing to the fact that these rays from the onion “ray gun” demonstrated increased cell division or mitosis in the target, Gurwitsch called them “mitogenetic rays.” Many other laboratories would confirm his findings. Researchers in Paris, Moscow, Berlin, and Frankfort all corroborated Gurwitsch’s results. Only the U.S. Academy of Sciences reported that Gurwitsch’s discovery was not replicable, and suggested it was merely his fertile imagination.

This system of being able to manage and direct the vital force in living plant tissue sparked Lawrence into action. Equipped with the knowledge of Cleve Backster’s recent experiments with plants and a polygraph instrument, Lawrence began building several psycho-galvanic analyzers to detect responses in plants. He quickly corroborated the results that Backster had obtained from his plant experiments — these results indicating that plants displayed a unique cellular consciousness. Over the course of his experiments, Lawrence would begin to modify the basic recording apparatus from the simple galvanic skin response indicators, to ultra-high-gain piezo-electrometers. He also did away with the pen recorder, opting for a built-in audio oscillator which produces a steady tone, changing to distinct pulsations when the plant sensor is activated by external stimulation. Aural monitoring has many advantages over the pen recorder, chief of which is the relative ease with which one can oversee (hear) the plant’s response. Another feature Lawrence would bring to the field was the replacement of the test plant with biologically active sensors, or “biodynamic transducers”. These could range from simple tubes containing vegetal material in a temperature controlled bath, to thin AT-cut quartz crystal wafers bonded with specific organic materials housed in a Faraday chamber. In the latter device, the highly reactive organic material induces changes in the crystal, which when used in an oscillator circuit, will alter the oscillator’s frequency.

Lawrence preferred to perform his experiments in what he called “electromagnetic ‘deep fringe’ areas”, where there were no man-made interferences. The remote locations of the high desert in southern California were his favored haunts for these investigations. In October of 1971, Lawrence was working on an experiment near Temecula, California. He had developed an instrument which would receive a directional biodynamic signal from a distance of up to one mile away. This instrument consisted of a lensless tube which housed a cylindrical Faraday chamber. The base of this tube contained a biodynamic transducer which was connected to the recording instrumentation. The complete “biosensor” tube was mounted on top of a low power telescope for directional sighting. To induce a stimulus into the directional biosensor, Lawrence would train the sights of his instrument on a plant or tree some distance away that had been previously wired with electrodes. These electrodes were connected to a switch which when closed would introduce a pre-measured current into the tree or plant. Back at the test site, Lawrence would then gently electrocute the tree or plant by radio control, causing his biosensor apparatus to respond wildly. This was an exciting new breakthrough in the field of detecting biodynamic signals for the instruments were now directional and worked at a considerable distance. But, this is certainly not the end of the story. On the day of these experiments, Lawrence and his assistant decided to take a late afternoon break. The biosensing instrument had been left on and was pointing in a random direction at the sky. As they began to eat their lunch, the steady sounds from the equipment abruptly changed to the familiar series of pulsations instantly signaling that it was picking up some sort of disturbance. After checking the apparatus and finding no malfunctions, Lawrence determined that the signals had to be coming from outer space! These seemingly intelligent gestures from an advanced civilisation would most probably be transmissions of a biological nature, and not from the electromagnetic spectrum which had so consumed the academicians of previous SETI projects. This discovery would remain the primary focus of all of Lawrence’s later experiments with biosensing instruments.

Lawrence had initially determined, based on the direction the instrument was pointing, that these signals originated from the constellation Ursa Major, commonly known as the Big Dipper. Later, after repeating the experiment several times with more elaborate equipment, he speculated that galactic drift may have been involved and that the signals may have been “spilling over” from the galactic equator which hosts a very dense star population. He believed the signals were not directed at earthlings, but were probably transmissions between companion civilizations, which he felt would communicate via “eidetic imagery”. This led him to begin analyzing these signals with video recording equipment. The images produced by these signals were called “biograms” and were basically digital spectrograms with a gray-scale resolution of 640 x 482 x 8 bits. Interpretation of these biograms needs considerable study. Unfortunately, there has been little information on this aspect of Lawrence’s work, and it seems as though this was to be the last installment of his labors.

The information we have retrieved on L. George Lawrence’s achievements is scant at best. Much of it comes from the few articles he wrote, and the brief generalizations from the writers of more popularized books. The whereabouts of his equipment and/or notebooks is not known at this time. An important document for the re-creation of Lawrence’s experiments is the movie version of “The Secret Life of Plants”. In this video Lawrence is shown at work with his biosensing equipment, and one can hear recordings of the reception of biodynamic signals. One credible resource states that Lawrence was an expert oceanographer, historian, cartographer, and originator of the world’s first laser engine. He is credited with the authorship of some 46 books, but we have recently discovered that the name “L. George Lawrence” was a pseudonym he used for his popular works, and only two books bearing that name are to be found. As the managing director of the Ecola Institute in the 1970s, he was engaged in nuclear radiation research, medical and agricultural biomagnetic research, and conceptive space research for NASA among other agencies. It is quite probable that much of the work that Ecola was pursuing was of a confidential or classified nature.

Over the last year, it has been a project of ours at BSRF to recreate and elaborate on the many innovations brought to our attention by L. George Lawrence. We began with the basics using simple psycho-galvanic instruments to analyze plant responses, and in the process, were able to recreate several of the results obtained by pioneers in plant research. Many of these recreations and new discoveries have been chronicled in the column, “The Borderland Experimenter” and elsewhere in the journal (under Plant Research). The impetus which directed our experiments toward those of Lawrence was the fact that he was able to obtain directional and “wireless” biodynamic signals over great distances.

The primary setup consists of a Faraday tube with an organic “biosensor” housed at its base. A rotating beam splitter at the end of the tube further cancels out interference from stray electromagnetic radiations. The most significant problem concerning this portion of the equipment is determining what will be the most suitable material for the biosensor itself. Originally, sections of plant leaves were used which had the electrodes clamped to them in the traditional manner. This proves to be a cumbersome procedure, and the plant material clamped as such quickly becomes stressed and ceases to respond at all. Hundreds of different “non-plant” substances have been tested in biosensor designs, most of which have failed in their capacity to produce the dynamic response of living materials. Unfortunately, Lawrence left few clues as to what would be the optimum arrangement here. We know that in his early work, Lawrence used a variety of mustard seeds floating in a nutrient bath for the reception of biodynamic signals. In later years, he would speak of using thin sections of plant stems or roots as a biodynamic transducer. Our finest results were obtained using this arrangement.

Next, the output of the biodynamic transducer is connected to the electronics package which can consist of a simple psycho-galvanic response indicator, to a more sophisticated adaptation which is shown in the schematic here. One can see this system described in many of Lawrence’s articles and in use on the aforementioned video documentation. The advantage of this system over the simple biomonitor is that it affords greater selectivity with regard to sensitivity when monitoring signals. The drawback is that since these more sensitive units are not a production item, one must be somewhat skilled at building electronic instrumentation. Unfortunately, there is not enough room here to give step by step instructions on the construction of such a project from a schematic diagram for those with little knowledge in electronics manufacture. The basic details of the circuit’s operation will be covered here, but some understanding of schematics and components is assumed.

The instrument designed by Lawrence has both a visual meter and an acoustical output indicator through a speaker. The audio tone output can also be directly connected to a tape recorder. A simple modification will allow one to connect the d.c. output to a pen recorder to make a permananet record of the retrieved signals. The connections to the biosensor or plant material may be done any number of ways already discussed.

Biodynamic Response Detector – Circuit Theory

Referring to the schematic, we will begin with the Wheatstone bridge section. The biosensor connected to input J1 forms part of a Wheatstone bridge with the other legs formed by R1 and R3. Power to the bridge is furnished by B1, which is controlled by R2. Switch S1 is an input/output polarizer which permits reversal of the current or excitation applied to the biosensor. This is most important, as the setting of S1 will determine whether the plant’s own generated currents will be superimposed upon the excitation currents.

The signal from the bridge is then amplified in IC1, which is protected from large signals by diodes D1 and D2 when switch S3 is closed. After the circuit is completely operational, S3 may be opened for maximum sensitivity. Power to the amp is given by B2 and B3 operated by switch S4. The output of the amplifier is indicated on meter M1, which is null adjusted by R3.

The amplified output also drives an audio oscillator (Q1 & Q2) whose fluctuation of frequency is a function of the signal from the biosensor/bridge arrangement. Indicator lamp I1 lights up when activated by the momentary pushbutton switch S6, and allows testing of battery function as well as the cueing of a mark on the tape being recorded due to the pitch increase as S6 is depressed. Transformer T1 supplies an audio output for the tape recorder, S7 turns the speaker on and off, and R18 adjusts the volume of the speaker.

After the successful construction of the instrument, one is ready to perform experiments. S3 should begin in the closed position to prevent excessive input signal going to IC1. Next, S1 should be turned on to apply current to the biosensor/bridge, which is adjusted by R2. S4 should be turned on next, followed by the adjustment of R3 for a meter null (zero setting). This will have to be readjusted occasionally as the biosensor or plant settles into its baseline (relaxed) condition. Indications of biosensor response will be observed on the meter, and in the fluctuations of the audio tone coming from the speaker. The actual amount of excitation controlled by R2, and the state of the superimposition of plant currents must be determined by actual usage. Performing these experiments in an area of low electromagnetic interference is ideal, but is not necessary unless one needs to control any outside influences. Armed with this instrument, one should be able to conduct a wide variety of unique experiments.

Schematic Diagram

Parts List

Resistors

R1 – 75k
R2 – 10k Linear Potentiometer
R3 – 100k Linear Potentiometer
R4, R5, R14 – 1k
R6 – 240k
R7 – 1M Linear Potentiometer
R8 – 82 ohm
R9, R10 – 470k
R11 – 3.3k
R12 – 10k
R13 – 4.7k
R15 – 100 ohm
R16 3.5 ohm 1 watt
R17 – 10 ohm
R18 – 8 ohm potentiometer (L-pad)
(all resistors ½watt unless specified)

Capacitors

C1 – .05µF
C2, C3 – 50µF 10 volt electrolytic
C4 – 220 pF
C5 – .01µF
C6 – .005µF

Transistors

Q1 – SK3011 transistor
Q2 – SK3003 transistor

Other

IC1 – µA741C op amp (Radio Shack 276-007)
D1, D2 – IN4004 Silicon Diode
B1, B2, B3 – 9v battery (with holders & clips)
B4 – 1.5v D-cell (with holder)
M1 – 0-1mA meter
P1 – RCA (male) plug
J1, J2 – gold fem. RCA jack
T1 – Audio transformer 250/8 ohm, 200mW
Spkr – 3.2 ohm
I1 – 2.2v lamp #222
S1, S4, S7 – dpdt switch
S2, S3, S5 – spst switch
S6 – Normally open pushbutton switch
3 feet of shielded two-conductor wire
project case
8-pin IC socket
perf board or eched circuit boards
knobs for potentiometers

Selected References

“Electronics and the Living Plant”, L. George Lawrence, Popular Electronics, October 1969.
“Electronics and the Living Plant”, L. George Lawrence, Electronics World, October 1969.
“Experimental Electro-culture”, L. George Lawrence, Popular Electronics, February 1971.
“More Experiments in Electro-culture”, L. George Lawrence, Popular Electronics, June 1971.
“Are We Receiving Biological Signals from Outer Space?”, L. George Lawrence, Popular Electronics, April 1991.
The Secret Life of Plants, Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird, Harper & Row, 1973.
“Contact with Extraterrestrial Life”, Joseph F. Goodavage, Saga Magazine, January 1973.
When Stars Look Down, George W. Van Tassel, Kruckeberg Press, 1976.

Article by Gerry Vassilatos — from Journal of Borderland Research (Vol. 52, No. 3, 3rd Quarter 1996). And, yes, all images used in this article are courtesy HAARP Home Page.

What is the Ionospheric Research Instrument?

Much concern has recently been focused upon the military project known as HAARP, a technological monstrosity which for some researchers seemingly resists all serious attempts at analyzing its true purpose. By its many morbid conspiratorial devotees, HAARP has been called the very apex of Twentieth Century military technology. Familiarity with technologies such as HAARP does not mean a simple survey of available conspiracy type publications. The recent release of military statements, largely disseminated to intellectual curiosity seekers through the INTERNET, is a thorough and full disclosure of the technology. Of course, one will read through these with a watchful eye. Nevertheless, the HAARP photographs reveal a startling and contradictory evidence to statements which habitually surround the topic. HAARP is a secret project, but it has nothing to do with those applications recently described in a, popular bestseller. While discussing aspects of the scientific hardware, which have not to my knowledge been elucidated, my single most important theme focuses attention upon the deeply entrenched directives ruling the financial world.

Incomplete understanding has provoked such degrees of fear that many name HAARP as the very tool by which the world will be destroyed. Excessive sentiments of this kind evidence a growing hopelessness. Amid a world filled with the curious apathy which closely shadows affluence, there exist those whose only joy is found in morbid inspections of doom. Retrospective study reveals that previous episodes of the tumultuous Twentieth Century have released similar openly fearful expressions. Each new technological expression has had its attendant commentary of doom. The recent proliferation of fear and hysteria is perhaps the externalization of so many internal conflicts seeking expression. It is peculiar that, in so many similar historic episodes, fear of doom attaches itself so readily and so deceptively on the works of technology rather than on their true source. Technology is the projection of deeper principles. As regards the negative aspects of human consciousness, it is always easier to point blame at something external.

A populace whose innermost awarenesses are just being aroused to seek personal meaning comprise a formidable host. A society whose government has so striven to remove the natural drive for personal expression is now confronted with an army of citizens who operate in the intellectual spheres. The civilian recognizes why government actions are so ruthless. Those who dictate government policies are not politicians at all, they are old dynastic personalities. The super-privileged rule the land, government obeys their dictations to the stroke. Military is employed to enforce the commands which the money holders demand. Civilians become victims of merciless military actions when the truth is out. It is important for us to understand the restructured nature of our republic. Having been suborned to operate as a bureaucracy for the dictates of a few, we have been prevented from realizing the natural development of discovery and wonder, the providential gifts. Those who enjoy super privilege do so only at the expense of the entire populace. The dream of one or two becomes the servitude of one or two hundred million.

ANSWERS

How proficient are the writers of conspiracy themes? Hysteria is the chaos of ignorance. HAARP and its other brethren projects are not recent developments. They are the most recent representatives in a research effort whose history stretches out before the last Century. Before we presume to dissect and interpret HAARP, we require historical familiarity with the documented hardware, phenomena, and original rationale for the deployment of these projects. Containing statements and opinions which are mutually contradictory, technical conspiracy books are never the scientific reports which they so profess. They are hastily written, poorly organized, insufficiently researched, thematically underdeveloped, and consistently overpriced.

As a novel means for supplying any and every possible answer for a price, conspiracy writers have directed a new publications initiative. The typical conspiracy writer supplies an insufficient emollient to a painful social wound. People who ask questions want real answers. The confusion of fragmented facts presented in such publications does satisfy those whose inner-most need is contextual meaning. The unfortunate absence of such concise presentations becomes the lucrative potential of the new genre, as conspiracy writers keep their over-inflated texts moving through distributors.

One reads through several examples of these texts with a sense of growing amusement. Each new example verifies the often repeated observation that such books are made to be sold, not to convey facts. Filled as they are with turbid convolutions and nightmarish scenarios, this new publications assault has succeeded only in promoting a confused consciousness of concern. The factual fragments comprising conspiracy books, cassettes, or videos are designed to bait the reader into forming personal conclusions. These almost invariably satisfy the personal needs of readers who are actively seeking a conspiracy. The writers of these books carry no burden of proof. Theirs is the role of provocateur, irresponsible activators and promoters of social malaise without solution.

We are the unwitting witnesses of a rare manifestation which has not made its appearance since the period following World War II. Of the hysteria which has worked its way throughout our contemporary society, no undercurrents seem more energized than those which find nightmarish delight in uncovering the possible “monsters in the machines”. The deeper implications of these abnormal sublimations stir thoughts of the destructive principle in human consciousness, that which delights in seeking horrors. But what would so invert the normal life-seeking drives in social consciousness? The answer to this penetrating question exposes the workings of human consciousness both in alienating and being alienated. The principle which has no regard for human life is familiar to working class people alone.

DIVORCE

Those who very clearly sense the divorce between military and citizenry know that military intentions do not include the best interest of the citizen. Alienation, separation, rejection, divorcement. These are the real foundations from which social fears emerge. The social fears remain latent, mere undercurrents and suspicions seeking a focal point. Distrust finds its vent when authority demonstrates its adamant rejection of extraordinary citizens. Technology often becomes the rip in the walls between social id and social conscience. The instability through which suspicion becomes conspiratorial hysteria can be the slightest imposture or gesture on the part of an authority figure. When once society has suspected its government, the hysteria rages in full.

Are there reasonable sources of social anger in this regard? The arrogant and often hostile separation existing between government, military, and civilian sectors is forever brushed aside as “the preservation of national security”. Maintaining certain secrets from the populace is a token not well received by an intellectual population. In this continual removal of knowledge from a supposed liberated society, government is demonstrating broken trust. Here we find the origins of social suspicion. When a military organization necessarily requires secrecy, personal alienations magnify the latent social fears. Nevertheless, it is hilarious to discover what government agencies consider to be threatening secrets. One perusal of the patent collection will prove this to anyone.

SECRETS

Can we penetrate the secrecy? Can we indeed find answers to the HAARP “problem”? There are no secrets. Technological history is replete with instances of multiple simultaneous discoveries. The intelligence networks run over one another. Publications are instantaneous. But this statement does not refer to electronic mail. The history of science proves that ideas literally flow through space. Similar intense minds successfully communicate at unfathomable deep levels. What is learned in one laboratory soon appears spontaneously in many others. Study the literature and see this phenomenon repeated countless times. In this continual manifestation of intellectual fusion, only the sensitives have value. Those who demand and those who direct are helpless observers of processes which reveal the true heart of humanity. Those who exacerbate separations among societies are only forestalling their own obsolescence. In truth, there are no restrictions, no boundaries to the flow of such consciousness. Secrets cannot be kept. One can no more control the avalanche developments of technology than one can control the ocean. The absence of total secrecy is perhaps then the greatest secret.

Even the military projects which have so powerfully focused the writers of conspiracy essays have recently begun to “make utterance”. The recent release of “full disclosures” by the military is an equally curious modem manifestation. The great furor which HAARP has released has been successful enough to force military statements. One now finds that the military itself is declassifying patents and articles pertinent to the HAARP Project, an unprecedented willingness to quench the social spotlights which they have drawn. Why are they so willing in this opened disclosure policy? What are they trying to protect? And on whose behalf are they making these apologetic campaigns? Does the disclosure of hard data signal both the obsolescence of that data and the possession of superior technology?

GAMES

The superficial world game is a vain exercise of Control itself, of Regulation. The controllers wish to maintain their poise and power over the populace. This is nothing new. Rome saw endless such struggles, and is no more. There are those who comprehend evidence of deliberate design in the adamant and ludicrous behavior of military against citizenry. One asks the motive behind such a poise. What agent is capable of demanding and establishing such a rift? There are but two principalities which rule the workings of the world. Of the nation. Control and Money. Domination, rule. Extending the permeating alienation which has so thoroughly characterized our time, one will always find grasping hands of greed at work.

Excessive control, excessive regulation indicates a demise of social integrity which no military might, however fascistic and demanding, can alter or change. Ideas remain. Ideas and Ideals. They are visitors, messages from a deeper reality. American Military has traditionally overestimated its own worth and misperceived its role. In truth, military is the workhorse of the Multinationals and nothing more. It is certainly not the right hand of Liberty with which the poster propaganda campaigns puts forth. Military has been, and will remain nothing more than the strong arm of American Big Business. Secret military projects do not begin in the military at all. Secret military projects begin in the boardrooms of the business world. These are the origins of the covert. Here we ind those who would control our destinies and those of our children for generations. Having developed systems for controlling the systems, multinationals rule by the scratch of a pen stroke. Money threatens depression, and the Laws legally fulfill the intent.

Business rules science and industry. Business rules military. Business rules government. One protocol rules all the others. Civilians find themselves under the most direct authorities, above which there exists a gantry of superior commanders. Imperialistic designs desire the acquisition of foreign resources. Outright war is politically impossible unless reasonably overt excuses exist. In the absence of these, conditions must be created. Central Intelligence “stimulate” numerous controlled circumstances. These are contrived to divert attention away from certain activities. Study the pattens whereby hollow regimes appear in resource-bordering nations. The threat of war is suddenly reported. Some new dictator has “risen to power”, the latest in a series of synthetic madmen. The president is concerned, and the Senate votes unanimously. Military forces swoop in, and presto! Nightly News reports a new victory for American troops. Props and setups all. The realistic result of these imperialistic ventures is that citizens pay for the expended weapons, while Big Business acquires a copper mine, an oil field, a uranium supply.

My advice to conspiracy writers is this: do your research better. Find out what resources every US occupied nation contains. And who did the dirty work? Military. But Military initiates nothing. Business initiates. Military is merely an effective and dictatorial agency for driving and directing otherwise disoriented academic researchers toward the achievement of realistic goals. When Business wants a job done, Military researchers devise means for achieving those goals. Military force executes commands which begin in private liaisons among bankers. Military “advisement” simply insures that research goals are achieved within the prerequisite time period. Those who accuse the Military of engaging in covert operations know nothing of the fundamental facts concerning a subject of which they claim such superior insight; Military takes its orders from the cliched frail white business men in brown round toed shoes, whose dispassionate gazes smack of old American families.

MODUS OPERANDI

Historic examination of American policies reveals that the demands of a very few cartels consistently direct these superior commands. Manipulative control of military supremacy has continually achieved the questionable personal ends of the few. Keeping ahead of one’s adversaries gives technology the notion that government loves science. The lie is total. Cartels want those uranium mines in Africa, so military gets the funding to develop all sorts of new death devices for “testing”. But do not be deceived, throughout the process we observe that military is not in the position of initiation.

The military does not engage in such projects unless under superior command. The pure love of science or the pleasure of acquiring scientific data is not in their command-obedient agenda. For the military to desist from the study and development of new weaponry, a superior command of exceedingly high priority must be in effect. Military does nothing on its own, and cannot. After the governments themselves bow in homage to superior capital, military is the slave of cartels. Business directs. Business gives the orders. The Government issues commands. The Military executes.

When the battle smoke clears, medals are clipped on old Generals and Big Business lights up cigars all around the boardroom table where it all began. To achieve the various objectives which business demands, ever newer “measures and countermeasures” have been steadily developed since the Cold War. Non-nuclear weapons packages and other cunning technologies have continually facilitated various deceptions, conditions, and terminations which ordinary citizens fail to recognize as deliberate military actions. In brief, the military is well stocked with a reserve of surprising weapons and communications systems which enable the rapid acquisition of foreign resources when commanded.

We must also look behind the imperialistic forays in order to comprehend the rationale for the numerous little exercises which have so colorfully flooded our television screens for the past thirty years. The desire for foreign resources is no blind ambition. The desire for foreign resources is always predicated on the demands of new ventures. Wars are fought on many battlefronts. The most decisive wars are fought in study, where new ideas emerge. A single idea can alter the course of centuries. And none know when or where such an event may occur. While the private military laboratories burst with unsuspected new technologies, monies for these “projects” arrive in unending rivers from demanding multinational bankers.

Cartels employ active research staffs to scope the science world for potentially destabilizing expressions and designs. While unable to stop the progressive emergence of such inspirations, they can and do manage the efficient eradication of perceived threats. Scholars and patent bibliographers well know that working technologies, now well beyond their third stage of development, have already rendered the much-discussed “covert” military technologies obsolescent. No single statement can be more important than this one. In rarely mentioned reports, military research successfully developed sophisticated ray-beam systems which exceed the optical laser in coherent penetrability and lethal power.

NASA, as a military adjunct organization, has continually enabled and maintained deployment of a worldwide military satellite exchange. The heavy schedule of NASA Space Shuttle launches evidenced the deployment of highly secretive military packages in predetermined orbits throughout its decade long history. These systems have replaced radiowave technology in both communications and reconnaissance operations. Coupled with space technologies, these optical and paraoptical technologies now best represent the true and classified military state of the art. For this reason it is strongly believed that ELF projects such as SEAFARER will shortly he decommissioned. Radiowave technology has been rendered obsolescent by better and more dependable technologies, the nature of which has never been discussed in the open. I have retrieved the patents which prove my assertions.

In this confusion is discovered the inestimable value of conspiracy writers to military security. Declassified military patents signal the deploying of complete highly advanced systems. Military declassification is a diversion for the intellectuals who are easily fascinated by technological baubles. Remember, the modus operandi are completely opposed. The military is not intrigued or concerned with the wonders of nature! But why was the military so absolutely empowered to develop superweapons at all? Both during and after World War II, certain multinationals sought security in trade. Capitalistic security. For this reason alone, Allied military was given the wherewithal to develop weaponry. When Japan threatened Pacific free trade, an invincible weapon was sought. Funds for the Manhattan Project did not come from the American tax-payer. The Government was already in debt to the Federal Bank lenders. Cash flow for this weaponry came from privateers. The Atomic Energy Commission managed the ancillary Industry on behalf of the original investors. This conglomerate is also reaching its logical conclusion, a startling outcome which we will shortly discuss. Nevertheless, the many levels in which multinational organizations seemingly coexist reveals that they themselves are in devious competitions.

Many continually cite Communism as the trigger for the rapid proliferation of nuclear stockpiles. Communism only threatened capitalists who were themselves divorced from the innermost circles of multinational business. Communism was not an accidental revolution. Neither was it an economic “experiment”, as some have suggested. Communism was a business weapon, aimed at those who were not invested. Communism was a privately owned system which used the totalitarian government as a permanent deterrent to all other potential investors. The central mystery figure in this high level domination was Armand Hamer, whose continual private inspections of both Soviet Government and Industry are unquestionably financial. Hamer reaped unmentionable capital profits from Soviet Industries, while consorting with Allied cartels.

World business is a game of simple causes and effects. The only variables are those which technology brings into the game. Besides these new variables, human nature and human reactions remain unaltered throughout history. “Outsider” cartels recognized the inherent weakness in the otherwise dominating strong-hold which Hamer had devised and executed. Fixed in a political arena, it was possible to threaten that fortress with the new weaponry. The mere suggestion that outsiders could destroy the totalitarian “arrangement” would perhaps sufficiently serve to bring Hamer into dialogue. Hamer himself was the only individual permitted to enter Moscow airspace without question. Met by personal limousine, Hamer was secretly escorted to his Russian estate, a huge property maintained in his absence by a privately hired workforce. When he so desired, Soviet military brass and the Premier himself would arrive at the estate. Clearly, from its inception Hamer was underwriting the Soviet regime.

Toward breaking this strategy of domination, the numerous outsider cartels directed the unprecedented deployment of atomic weaponry. When the initial threat was matched with a Soviet duplicate of atomic weaponry, the game was locked in “cheque”. Seeing that this maneuver did not succeed in bringing Hamer to the consortium, the AEC was directed toward developing more powerful weaponry. Thermonuclear devices were the frightening result, an unexpected and horrifying outcome of the unleashed scientific consortium. There being no theoretical limit to the effective destructive extent of such weaponry, the development and deployment of novel weapons became a prime objective throughout the “Cold War”. In the face of “Mutual Assured Destruction” scenarios, priority was eventually revised in the development of tactical weapons which permitted post-war occupation. Neutron bombs were tested to satisfaction during this time period, a small spin off of patented devices whose descriptions have been recently unearthed.

RUMORS

The unfortunate mention of a few misunderstood military technologies has flooded society with conspiratorial issues, suspicions and rumors having no real foundation. In such a fear-ruled atmosphere there can be no true objectivity, no serious scientific discussion. In order to allay the fundamental fears which have been incited by all too numerous and over enthused writers, this article on HAARP has been composed. What we require is factual clarification.

Patent retrieval requires historical scope, otherwise an over-excited response will produce convoluted misinterpretations. This is precisely what has happened in discussing HAARP. Therefore, a brief summary of military achievements in the high-tech realm may be fitting, The large-scale demonstrations of plutonium and hydrogen bombs brought the discovery of a new and unexpected phenomenon. Electromagnetic Pulse, or EMP phenomena, became the focal point of intense military interest. Remember who was directing the military progress in these endeavors. Though we have deep interests in the natural phenomena which attended such experimentation, please recall the patronage behind these tests.

The EMP phenomenon suggested a new weapons potential which could be used in a limited strike scenario. The technique would not require large yield nuclear weapons, and seemed a plausible route to pursue. Stimulating a powerful and decisively destructive EMP across any military opposition, EMP’s reaching several thousand amperes were powerful and penetrating enough to bum out electronics packages and power grids in a single instant. EMP potentials were derived from ground induced ring currents beneath the rising plasma of any small nuclear blast. The essential feature was that EMPs could not be blocked. In this, military recognized a new weaponry.

Military researchers quickly developed controlled EMP devices and techniques throughout the years between 1960 and 1970, the details of which are given in my forthcoming book, “Secrets of Cold War Technology – Project HAARP and Beyond”. Special techniques for enhancing EMP action were investigated. Military deployed new non-nuclear devices in identical research themes, dispersing ionizable chemicals through high aerial detonations. Experiments performed with these artificial plasma clouds were designed to test a variety of weapons objectives. These techniques were discarded with the development and deployment of satellites, ineffective “over the horizon” and other such “back-scatter” RADAR techniques being replaced by optical reconnaissance.

Discovering that aerial plasma clouds could destroy short-wave reception for hours and days if necessary, military experimenters experimented with ionospheric “heaters” for a time. These were found capable of delivering controlled shortwave blackouts for sustained periods. Military frowned upon the monstrous station required in supporting such techniques. As weapons, their excessive expense and size rendered them easy “first strike” targets. These too fell into obsolescent disuse with the deployment of several satellite deployed beam weapons. During the SDI period, military was given command to launch weapons-ready orbital platforms, and deployed surveillance and reconnaissance satellites in a continual volley of private missile launches.

Please recognize that the technical bibliographic reservoir gives us the only reasonable basis for assessing and evaluating projects such as HAARP. Technological developments of this magnitude are attended by a great host of research reports and ancillary experimental proceedings. Historically released publications represent those thousands who have had empirical knowledge of real equipment. The difficulty of tampering with such a densified bibliography is inestimable. Deliberate eradication of such bibliographies by intelligence agencies has never been completely successful, the indolence and relative apathy of the populace being a dependable enough deterrent to possible security leaks.

No single intelligence agency can exercise manipulations to the degree that every single report may be altered or eradicated. Freedom of expression rules in the older bibliographies, provided you are able to yet obtain them at all, It is through the bibliographic manifold of visionary tunnels that the astute analyst discerns the razor edge of truth. In addition, the examination of numerous military funded technical reports always places the private analyst on alert. Those agencies who prepare and publish their official reports are as dubious as those who compile conspiracy theories. And writers who doubt both groups are held opened to the very same accusations! Seeking the balance, one strikes a curious pose. Tethered on a jeweled pivot between military releases and conspiracy theories, one seeks a clear image of sunlight in a hall of mirrors. But one fact is clear and remains. All publications serve as markers ad points on which we may focus discussion. In this, we have a lever which can indeed move the world of secrecy.

Having anticipated the social turbulence which surrounds projects such as HAARP, military journalists have been hard a work carefully selecting certain hard technical data for publication. Hundreds of declassified pages have been dispatched through the INTERNET. It is a simple and effective means for powerfully silencing potentially irascible intellectuals. Curiously it is the military who are again in position to step in and act as the “voice of reason”. Yes, amid the oceans of fear and suspicion which highly classified projects have stimulated, the military itself emerging as the very epitome of honesty and beneficent authority. The military prose writers have succeeded in using the social paranoia which they themselves have triggered to their own best advantage.

But the real direction toward which military advisement has progressed is no hideous covert plot to mind-manipulate the nation. What lies at the root of HAARP is a mundane business arrangement which the all too elaborate paranoia has typically and completely misinterpreted. The great and monstrous fear which has been evoked among the intellectuals actually centers around a business foray which the military has been commanded to develop by executive command. It is therefore in this light that we will unravel the HAARP issue. What conspiratorialists so fear and suspect is delusional. Hysteria is not the atmosphere proper to the deliberation and extrication of facts. Hysteria blocks the pursuit of clear thinking. HAARP is about Power, Control, and Money. Nothing more. One must break through the fear which conspiratorialists are weaving. Get the facts.

The death knell has struck. Wave Radio is dead. How have 70 years of Military Research succeeded in producing a completely new and superior communications technology? Radio History gives a stranger walk than paranoid writers ever tell! While citizens were watching television, military research was directed to create an amazing radiation technology far in advance of any system known. Currently and routinely utilized, it has remained a well guarded “open secret” for decades. Discover why is it obvious that neither military nor private developers have yet successfully duplicated Tesla technology.

• Who was John Hettinger, and how were his early beam power systems modified through radar technology into ray beam weapons?
• What was Project Argus? Project Teak? Project Orange? Learn about the frightful characteristics of EMP phenomena, and how these were employed in a strange and deadly technology. Why was a High Command request to employ EMP weaponry in the recent Gulf War denied?
• Not a weapon, not a psychotronics system, not a weather modifier, why is HAARP NOT the program which so many have claimed? Why can the IRI never achieve the objectives cited by a few authors? Learn about the real motivations so powerfully at work in Conspiracy Writers, and why they are not equipped to crack the secret of HAARP. Why are the Eastlund Patents not relevant to HAARP, and why has Raytheon continued to collect every HAARP relevant patent for several years? What is the “merchandise” which HAARP promises to yield?
• How were X-Rays used to detect underground movements? How were Gamma Rays routinely used in communicating from submarines to command headquarters via military satellites?

Facts quell hysteria, but Truth is stranger than fiction. Want the answers? This complete technical history of military projects will show the development of every relevant project preceding and exceeding HAARP. Only the facts. No hysteria. Complete with communications and weapons patent citations, this book will forever change your view of world events and technology.

Available now through the Borderland Sciences Research Catalog.